<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230</id><updated>2012-01-21T23:53:04.428-05:00</updated><category term='Indonesian education'/><category term='Fall 2006 Reflection'/><category term='ESL'/><category term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><category term='safe space'/><category term='teaching English'/><category term='teaching'/><category term='EFL'/><title type='text'>E D U C A T I O N    2 1</title><subtitle type='html'>This is a blog about educational issues.  There are articles, reflections, and stories. Most of them are in English, some in Indonesian language. Towards a better world for us and many generations to come. Towards a Sustainable Global Learning Community!</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>157</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-449639893859985234</id><published>2011-05-06T06:58:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2011-05-06T06:58:56.134-04:00</updated><title type='text'>UN, Remaja, &amp; Cita-Cita</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;“Tiap orang itu berhak punya cita-cita. Biarkan kami mengejarnya!”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;(Remaja Indonesia, Jalan Remaja 1208: Sekolah Kehidupanku)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;Dewasa ini banyak siswa SD hingga SMA harus menghabiskan waktu luang mereka di berbagai tempat les dan bimbingan belajar. Hal ini telah menjadi tren dan bahkan sebuah keharusan jika ingin selamat dalam proses belajar di Indonesia, terutama sejak diluncurkannya kebijakan Ujian Nasional (UN). Di satu sisi, hal ini bernilai positif karena intensitas belajar seyogyanya dapat menjauhkan para remaja dari hal-hal negatif seperti narkoba dan minuman keras. Namun, apakah benar mereka melalui proses belajar berkualitas yang menggali potensi diri serta mendekatkan pada cita-cita mereka?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;Kebijakan ujian standardisasi seperti UN tidaklah asing dalam sistem pendidikan Indonesia. Namanya saja yang berganti, dari ujian negara, evaluasi belajar tahap akhir nasional (EBTANAS), ujian akhir nasional (UAN), dan akhirnya ujian nasional (UN). Ujian standarisasi bertujuan untuk mengukur dan memetakan kualitas pendidikan nasional serta menyaring siswa untuk jenjang pendidikan selanjutnya. Yang membedakan UN adalah digunakannya standar minimal nilai ujian sebagai salah satu penentu kelulusan siswa. Jika gagal siswa terancam tidak lulus sekolah. Ibarat kata pepatah, karena nila setitik rusak susu sebelanga. Hal ini yang menjadi titik utama kontroversi UN dan penyebab stres semua elemen pendidikan, mulai dari murid, guru, orang tua, dan pihak sekolah. Inilah yang memicu menjamurnya les-les dan bimbingan belajar. Lembaga tersebut ramai didatangi pelajar karena dapat membantu siswa sukses dalam UN.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;Dampak UN terhadap Remaja&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;Berbagai kalangan telah menyoroti dampak psikologis UN. UN merupakan momok yang telah membuat tingginya tingkat stres remaja Indonesia dan sering menjadi depresi (Syahril, 2007). Tekanan fisik dan mental ini didapati secara merata, bahkan pada siswa-siswa rangking teratas di kelas/sekolahnya. Terdapat sejumlah kasus dimana siswa juara kelas dan bahkan penerima beasiswa universitas luar negeri pun pernah gagal dalam UN. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;Untuk mengatasi tekanan dan kepanikan terhadap UN, siswa berlatih mengerjakan contoh soal ujian sebanyak-banyaknya baik di sekolah maupun di tempat les dan bimbingan belajar. Setidaknya tahun terakhir di SMP dan SMA dihabiskan untuk latihan intensif UN. Waktu para remaja dihabiskan untuk mempersiapkan UN karena tuntutan nilai minimal semakin tinggi setiap tahunnya. Bagi siswa dari keluarga kurang mampu, tekanan akan lebih besar lagi. Ada beban biaya tambahan harus dikeluarkan untuk mengikuti persiapan UN baik di sekolah maupun bimbingan belajar. Tak semuanya mampu membayar. Ini pun membuat stres semakin menjadi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;Selain menjadi momok yang menakutkan, UN menjauhkan remaja dari potensi dan cita-cita mereka. Waktu untuk mengasah bakat dan kreatifitas terpaksa dihabiskan untuk latihan mengerjakan soal-soal UN. Potensi diri remaja dianggap tidak sepenting UN. Padahal sejak tahun 1980an, dunia pendidikan sudah mengenal berbagai bentuk kecerdasan. Ahli pendidikan dan psikologi Harvard University, Howard Gardner, mengemukakan teori kecerdasan majemuk (&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;multiple intelligences&lt;/i&gt;). Ada bentuk kecerdasan linguistik, logika-matematika, visual, musik, kinestetik, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist, dan eksistensial. Semua bentuk kecerdasan ini sama pentingnya dan semua telah terbukti membawa kesuksesan. Ujian standarisasi seperti UN hanya menitikberatkan kepada bentuk kecerdasan lingusitik dan logika matematika. Artinya para remaja yang luar biasa jenius di bentuk kecerdasan lainnya akan terpinggirkan. Karena itu, pendidikan nasional yang berkiblat ke UN tidak akan pernah membantu remaja Indonesia menemukan potensi diri untuk menggapai cita-cita mereka yang sesungguhnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;Sebagai contoh, remaja dengan bakat luar biasa di bidang-bidang seperti musik dan seni sering diarahkan sekolah dan orang tua untuk tidak mendalami bakat mereka itu. Bidang tersebut dicap tidak memiliki masa depan yang cerah. Sebuah stigmatisasi yang sangat keliru. Justru kesuksesan dan kemahsyuran bangsa Indonesia di berbagai pentas mancanegara sering datang dari bidang musik dan seni. Akibatnya, remaja pun terjebak dalam skema sekolah hanya untuk memuaskan keinginan orang tua dan sekolah, bukannya menggali apa yang benar-benar mereka inginkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;Lebih parah lagi, rasa rendah diri menghinggapi ketika para remaja ini lulus sekolah dengan hasil UN pas-pasan. Mereka dicap tidak cerdas, dan masa depan terasa suram. Lapangan kerja pun sulit ditembus karena sekolah tidak sempat membekali mereka dengan keterampilan yang betul-betul dibutuhkan di dunia kerja. Bisa jadi butuh waktu yang cukup lama untuk dapat memulihkan kepercayaan diri untuk mau menggali potensi diri yang sebenarnya sehingga akhirnya sukses dan bahagia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: IN;"&gt;Terakhir, kita sering mendengar terjadinya praktek-praktek kecurangan dalam pelaksanaan UN yang juga melibatkan oknum guru, sekolah dan unsur pemerintahan. Praktek dan hasil UN seperti ini jelas menimbulkan luka psikologis dan moral. Ditengah-tengah gencarnya upaya penegakan hukum memberantas praktek-praktek KKN di republik ini, sistem pendidikannya, melalui guru, sekolah, dan administratur pendidikan, malah memberi contoh menghalalkan ketidakjujuran! Apa jadinya remaja produk UN yang tidak jujur ini ketika mereka nantinya menjadi pengusaha, pejabat negara, atau anggota DPR/MPR?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jika sebagian bentuk kecerdasan saja yang menjadi prioritas, maka sistem pendidikan kita akan menjadi semakin timpang. Beragam potensi remaja Indonesia tidak dapat terasah maksimal, sehingga menghambat kemajuan kita bersama. Karena itu, kebijakan UN dalam format sekarang perlu direvisi. Hal pertama untuk ditinjau ulang adalah penghapusan persyaratan nilai hasil ujian sebagai syarat kelulusan. Selanjutnya perlu ditemukan formula penilaian akhir terhadap performa siswa yang lebih jujur, adil, dan dapat mengakomodasi semua bentuk kecerdasan. Proses dan hasil belajar semestinya mampu membuat siswa dan remaja mengembangkan potensi diri mereka secara maksimal dan membantu mewujudkan cita-cita mereka yang sesungguhnya. Terkuburnya potensi luar biasa remaja kita akan melumpuhkan masa depan bangsa!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;    &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span lang="IN" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tulisan ini dimuat di harian Suara Pembaruan tanggal 28 April 2011 di halaman 5.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-449639893859985234?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/449639893859985234/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=449639893859985234' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/449639893859985234'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/449639893859985234'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2011/05/un-remaja-cita-cita.html' title='UN, Remaja, &amp; Cita-Cita'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-6568764004514148165</id><published>2011-03-04T06:24:00.003-05:00</published><updated>2011-03-04T06:26:12.442-05:00</updated><title type='text'>kenapa "hanya" jadi guru?</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;kenapa "hanya" jadi guru? tanya mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;bukankah kau bisa jadi insinyur yang mahsyur?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;bikin bangunan megah dengan arsitektur yang wah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;bangun jembatan penghubung ribuan pulau nusantara dan dunia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;kenapa "hanya" jadi guru? tanya mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;bukankah kau mampu menjadi dokter yang ternama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;keluarga kan terpandang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;harta benda berkelimpahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;kenapa "hanya" jadi guru? tanya mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;bukankah kau calon pemimpin masa depan?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;kau bisa jadi camat, bupati&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;bahkan kau bisa jadi menteri dan presiden sekalipun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;kenapa "hanya" jadi guru? tanya mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;bukankah kau bisa jadi pengusaha yang kaya raya?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;kau bisa beli apa yang kau suka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;tamasya bersama keluarga keliling dunia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;kenapa "hanya" jadi guru? tanya mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;bukankah kau ranking satu di sekolahmu?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;kamu bisa jadi apa yang kau mau!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;kenapa "hanya" jadi guru? tanya mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;hey, kenapa tidak! jawabku&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;guru adalah profesi yang mulia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;guru adalah profesi yang terhormat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;guru adalah profesi yang ternama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;hey, jangan kau lupa! jawabku&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;insinyur mahsyur karena ada guru yang mengajarnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;dokter ternama karena ada guru yang membimbingnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;pemimpin hebat karena ada guru yang melatihnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;pengusaha kaya karena ada guru yang mencerdaskannya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;kerja guru adalah kerja kreatif dan dinamis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;jangan kau pikir mudah mengajar puluhan manusia sekaligus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;dengan cara yang menarik, menyenangkan dan mencerdaskan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;tak semudah yang kau kira kawan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;jangan mentang-mentang kau pernah jadi siswa di kelas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;selama belasan atau puluhan tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;lantas kau jadi sok ahli tentang cara pengajaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;jadi guru yang baik tak semudah itu kawan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;seperti halnya insinyur,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;butuh keahlian khusus jadi guru yang baik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;seperti halnya pilot,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;butuh latihan khusus jadi guru yang hebat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;guru adalah seorang profesional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;seperti halnya profesional lainnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;dokter, akuntan, pengacara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;status sosial ekonomi guru selayaknya sama seperti mereka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;karena itu jadi guru adalah sebuah kebanggaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;jadi guru adalah jadi seorang profesional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;bukan sekedar "hanya"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;sama sekali bukan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;guru adalah inspirasi dalam menyikapi perkembangan jaman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;guru adalah roh dari pergerakan nasional kebangsaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;guru adalah agen perubahan karakter warga negara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;maka aku memilih jadi guru karena aku hendak mengubah dunia!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;iwan syahril, 28/2/2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-6568764004514148165?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150099070512934' title='kenapa &quot;hanya&quot; jadi guru?'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/6568764004514148165/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=6568764004514148165' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6568764004514148165'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6568764004514148165'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2011/03/kenapa-hanya-jadi-guru.html' title='kenapa &quot;hanya&quot; jadi guru?'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-3682567343763402678</id><published>2011-01-01T11:38:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2011-01-01T19:44:34.869-05:00</updated><title type='text'>untuk pendidikan yang lebih baik</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;pendidikan yang baik seharusnya tidak mengenal diskriminasi,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;baik itu berdasar ras, kelas, harta, gender, agama, atau bahasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;pendidikan yang baik seharusnya tidak mengenal kata menyerah,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;bagi siswa yang masih jauh tertinggal karena keterbatasan akses, sarana dan prasarana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;pendidikan yang baik seharusnya tidak menjadi penjara yang membelenggu,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;bagi berjuta potensi kreatifitas dan imajinasi liar para insan al kamil muda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;pendidikan yang baik seharusnya tidak mengerdilkan dan menindas peserta didiknya,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;yang jenius tak terkira namun tak bisa dibuktikan lewat ujian tertulis saja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;pendidikan yang baik seharusnya tidak menyemai bibit curiga, benci, dan permusuhan,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;baik karena hal suku, ras, agama, antar golongan, dan antar bangsa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;pendidikan yang baik seharusnya tidak memodelkan cara berbuat curang,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;termasuk kolusi, korupsi, maupun manipulasi karena alasan apa pun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;pendidikan yang baik seharusnya tidak berpusat pada guru, sekolah, kurikulum, orang tua, apalagi penguasa,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;namun berpusat pada siswa dengan jutaan pertanyaan tentang hal-hal yang nyata di sekitar mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;pendidikan yang baik seharusnya tidak hanya milik beberapa,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;namun milik setiap anak bangsa di bumi yang seharusnya merdeka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;iwan syahril, jakarta, 1/1/2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-3682567343763402678?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/3682567343763402678/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=3682567343763402678' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3682567343763402678'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3682567343763402678'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2011/01/untuk-pendidikan-yang-lebih-baik.html' title='untuk pendidikan yang lebih baik'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-3289867136477354786</id><published>2010-12-21T18:27:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T18:30:51.349-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>On Reflection</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRE3eSXfU8I/AAAAAAAABLQ/7_ZU7Aezi7M/s1600/IMG_6775.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRE3eSXfU8I/AAAAAAAABLQ/7_ZU7Aezi7M/s320/IMG_6775.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Reflection is a powerful tool for learning as it takes learning beyond of what the texts say or what is required to do. It brings learning to the real life, real context. It gives meaning to the learner and to the learning itself, instead of just doing the job, fulfilling the mandate or the task placed on teachers’ shoulders. In fact by valuing the whole process and reflect on it, not just the end result, we will be able to see the big picture of learning, thus valuing the whole elements of learning. It will be a fair, comprehensive, and powerful, assessment towards the learning itself. (Iwan Syahril, Spring 2007)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-3289867136477354786?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/3289867136477354786/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=3289867136477354786' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3289867136477354786'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3289867136477354786'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/12/reflection-is-powerful-tool-for.html' title='On Reflection'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRE3eSXfU8I/AAAAAAAABLQ/7_ZU7Aezi7M/s72-c/IMG_6775.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-6762012434319042224</id><published>2010-12-21T18:06:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T18:09:50.440-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Reflection on Ernest L. Boyer's Article: "The Educated Person"</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREy6p9o_oI/AAAAAAAABLM/wn28BxW-8fo/s1600/IMG_1044.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREy6p9o_oI/AAAAAAAABLM/wn28BxW-8fo/s320/IMG_1044.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Boyer, former US Commissioner of Education, says that he hopes that students are not judged by a single tests but from their qualities of life. We should consider NOT curriculum, but &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;human condition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;There are 2 essential realities of life: (1) each person is unique. (2) people around the world share a great many experiences. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;To be an EDUCATED PERSON means:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Developing one’s own aptitudes and interests and discovering the diversity that makes each of us unique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Becoming permanently empowered with language proficiency, general knowledge, social confidence and moral awareness in order to be economically and civically successful.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Discovering the connectedness of things; seeing the relationships across disciplines and learning that education is a communal act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The curriculum framework should be comprehensive and coherent; encompassing existing subjects and integrating fragmented content; while relating the curriculum to the realities of life. The curriculum must address the uniqueness of students’ histories and experiences, but it must also guide them to understand the many ways that humans are connected.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;I was particularly moved by this part of the article: "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;While curious young children still ask why things are, many older children ask only, 'Will this be on the test?' &amp;nbsp;All students should be encouraged to ask 'Why?' because 'Why?' is the question that leads students to connections.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Boyer suggests 8 CORE COMMUNALITIES that bind all humans with one another. They are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The Life Cycle: encourage students to reflect sensitively on the mystery of birth and growth and death, to learn about body functions and thus understand the role of choice in wellness, to carry some of their emotional and intellectual learning into their relations with others, and to observe, understand, and respect a variety of life forms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Language: Education means helping students understand that language in all its forms is a powerful and sacred trust. People need to write with clarity, read with comprehension, speak effectively, listen with understanding, compute accurately, and understand the communicative capabilities of the arts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The Arts: To be truly educated means being sensitively responsive to the universal language of art. We turn to the arts to express feelings ad ideas that words cannot convey.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Time and Space: A truly educated person ill see the connections by placing his or her life in time and space. Students should study their civilization to understand their past, and other civilizations to understand their present and their future.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Groups and Institutions: students should be asked to think about their social groups, how they are shaped, and how they have helped shaped the groups, and how they help shape them. Students must discover how life in groups varies form one culture to another. Civic responsibility also must be taught.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Work: Our own culture has become too preoccupied with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;consuming&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;, too little for tools for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;producing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;. A quality education will help students understand and prepare for the world of work.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;7.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Natural work: We are all connected to the earth in many ways. Students should explore this commonality by studying the principles of science, by discovering the shaping power of technology and by learning that survival on this planet means respecting and preserving the earth we share.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;8.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Search for meaning: We all give special meanings to our lives. We all need to examine values and beliefs, and develop convictions. Students should complete community service projects; for instance working in day-care centers, retirement villages or tutoring other students at school.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;To conclude Boyer says that to be an educated person means respecting the miracle of life, being empowered by language, responding sensitively to aesthetic, putting learning in a historical perspective, understanding groups and institutions, having reverence to the natural world, affirming the dignity of work, being connected by values and beliefs and connecting the lessons of the classroom to the realities of life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-6762012434319042224?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/6762012434319042224/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=6762012434319042224' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6762012434319042224'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6762012434319042224'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/12/reflection-on-ernest-l-boyers-article.html' title='Reflection on Ernest L. Boyer&apos;s Article: &quot;The Educated Person&quot;'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREy6p9o_oI/AAAAAAAABLM/wn28BxW-8fo/s72-c/IMG_1044.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4256994047073387951</id><published>2010-12-21T17:43:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T17:43:46.163-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Complexity and Control: What Legislators and Administrators Can Do about Implementing Policy</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREte0Wh4II/AAAAAAAABLI/JoQbHBzss1s/s1600/des3+244.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREte0Wh4II/AAAAAAAABLI/JoQbHBzss1s/s320/des3+244.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;The complexity of the implementation requires a substantial rethinking of legislative and administrative control. The traditional devices that legislators have relied upon to control policy implementation – more specific legislation, tighter regulations and procedures, centralized authority, and closer monitoring of compliance – probably have an effect opposite than intended. Rather than increasing control, they increase complexity. And as complexity increases, control itself is threatened. The paper represents an attempt to develop alternatives to the traditional techniques of legislative and administrative control.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;There are two kinds of control:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Hierarchial control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;; control that superiors exercise over subordinates. à authority, supervision, regulation, and coercion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Delegated control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;; control that individual exercise over their own actions. à individual responsibility, initiative and discretion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;The more the government invests in hierarchical control, the more effort it devotes to writing regulations, specifying procedures, monitoring performance, and enforcing compliance. The more a government invests in delegated control, the more it relies on individual judgment as a substitute for complex administrative procedure, but the less assurance it has of strict compliance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;The crucial trade-off for policymakers is between more complexity with greater hierarchical control and less complexity with greater delegated control. We cannot assure that greater compliance produces better results. In fact, in some cases, there is a negative relationship between compliance and better results because resources used for regulation cannot be used for service delivery. Regulation constitutes a diversion of resources from substance to surveillance.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;So the important issue is not the compliance, but &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;the capacity to deliver a service&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Certain types of policy are regulatory in intent, such as school desegregation, occupational health and safety standards, etc; but some aren’t. Quality depends mainly on the skills and competence of the people who actually deliver the service and only secondarily on their compliance with rules and regulations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;So maybe what is badly needed in Indonesia is building the local capacity to deal with the delegated accountability in all areas, including education; to help them become the source of the ideas for their situations/problems (EMPOWERING).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;To be able to handle the local authority (school, district) accountable they have to build on the local capacity, set goals for them to grow and get better. Then the measures for accountability should follow this growth. There should be a mechanism if the local authority fails to meet the performance growth criteria. However, each region should differ because they have different problems. It is important to say that the top and middle authority should also beheld accountable for supporting or not supporting the local authority to be able to build their own capacity and meet their performance criteria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4256994047073387951?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4256994047073387951/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4256994047073387951' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4256994047073387951'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4256994047073387951'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/12/complexity-and-control-what-legislators.html' title='Complexity and Control: What Legislators and Administrators Can Do about Implementing Policy'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREte0Wh4II/AAAAAAAABLI/JoQbHBzss1s/s72-c/des3+244.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-929554817088719564</id><published>2010-12-21T17:28:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T17:28:38.664-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Standars, Testing &amp; Accountability: How Do You Make Them Work?</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREpva5ONII/AAAAAAAABLA/tqKz2tjuR8I/s1600/IMG_1563.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREpva5ONII/AAAAAAAABLA/tqKz2tjuR8I/s320/IMG_1563.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;The high-stakes testing pressure has denied a lot of the innovations in education. One of my reflection thoughts, which I think will be my constant struggle for a very long time, is the debate over the scientific notion, which affects the accountability notion.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;When we hear the word scientific, what usually comes to mind is the idea of measurability using the quantitative method. The scientific notion is strongly related to hard sciences and reinforced by the advancement of technology. However, when it comes to social sciences or when we look at human beings, the situations are usually a lot more complex. There are many variables that interact and cannot be controlled. They are multidimensional in nature, thus need a closer observation that takes a while to measure the progress.   &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;There are three main components in content of a curriculum, which are knowledge, skills and values. How can we measure all of these elements objectively, using scientific methods? What is scientific? Is it quantitative more scientific than qualitative? Or is qualitative better? Should one way better than the other?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;I would argue that what we need or should do is to clarify the misconception of scientific, which usually refers to the quantitative methodology, and then later to combine both methods in order to better judge whether or not students are successful. Overemphasizing in the measurability and clarity issues might distract us. We will be satisfied by measuring partially instead seeing the whole picture. For instance, of the three elements of curriculum, knowledge, skills and values, probably only knowledge and skills that can be measured to some certain extent. However, measuring values cannot be done by answering multiple choice or essay tests. It is a lot more complex than that. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Overemphasizing measurability, using the quantitative method, will lead to reductionism; where we only care about some elements of the performance, some snapshots of the whole picture, and use these as the justification for the whole picture some snapshots of the whole picture, and use these as the justification for the whole performance, which should cater the diversity in human learning (learning motivation, learning interests, learning styles, multiple intelligences, and learning readiness).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-929554817088719564?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/929554817088719564/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=929554817088719564' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/929554817088719564'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/929554817088719564'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/12/standars-testing-accountability-how-do.html' title='Standars, Testing &amp; Accountability: How Do You Make Them Work?'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREpva5ONII/AAAAAAAABLA/tqKz2tjuR8I/s72-c/IMG_1563.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4980929241744280168</id><published>2010-12-21T17:21:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T17:21:58.541-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>A Reflection on NCLB (No Child Left Behind): High Stakes Testing Culture</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREoS1OZKsI/AAAAAAAABK8/-QsgeDc4rgo/s1600/IMG_1502.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREoS1OZKsI/AAAAAAAABK8/-QsgeDc4rgo/s320/IMG_1502.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;One of the many debate issues in NCLB is the high-stakes testing pressure. It has also resulted in the teaching-for-testing attitude in many schools, even the good schools. I doubt that this will close the achievement gap as NCLB intends to do. The students from a less affluent economic background will perform better than before, and they might achieve the proficiency standards. However, the good schools will prepare their students to perform even better, and as they have better resources and access, their preparation will be a lot better.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Moreover, I think the other major backlash to this is what is called grade inflation. Grade inflation is defined as the decreasing value and credibility of grades in academic setting. It usually happens when the grades go up but not necessarily represent the student’s academic achievement. It is similar to the devaluing of currency that sometimes happens in many countries because of the ups and downs of either the national or world economy. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;I think the high stakes testing culture has a big share in this problem. The schools, administrators and students they feel that to be able to survive they need to get good grades, thus whatever steps are take in order to make sure that they can reach the desirable scores or grades or whatever it is called at the expense of real learning. Teaching and learning are geared towards testing because they are so afraid of it. Because they are afraid of not being held accountable of doing their job either students or teachers. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Grade inflation is the side effect of the high stakes testing culture as promoted by NCLB. It has led the society, the schools towards the superficial learning, learning that is valued when the scores reflect so. Not the real authentic and meaningful learning. Highstakes testing culture definitely reduces the quality of teaching and learning, including the grade inflation. This NCLB debate will continue to go and will be interesting to see how it will turn out in the future, especially if in 2009 the elected president is from the Democratic party in the US. Would it change? How would it change?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4980929241744280168?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4980929241744280168/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4980929241744280168' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4980929241744280168'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4980929241744280168'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/12/reflection-on-nclb-no-child-left-behind.html' title='A Reflection on NCLB (No Child Left Behind): High Stakes Testing Culture'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREoS1OZKsI/AAAAAAAABK8/-QsgeDc4rgo/s72-c/IMG_1502.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4456416414084009419</id><published>2010-12-21T17:14:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T17:14:13.086-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Policy Implementation in the Real World of Schools</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREmFrmEy-I/AAAAAAAABK0/tC3HNhalq7Y/s1600/IMG_2501.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREmFrmEy-I/AAAAAAAABK0/tC3HNhalq7Y/s320/IMG_2501.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;In a number of occasions teachers are usually confused by the new policies that are passed to them. Most of the times, in my experience, teachers do not have clear ideas on how to implement the policies in the classroom. The prescriptive notion and the pressure (and the threat) to comply with the policies have made teachers have to sacrifice what they believe in learning and what they think is the best for their students. Teachers are often not regarded as the professionals in their field, like doctors or accountants. People of other professions other than teaching can claim that they know the teacher and educator’s area of professional expertise. The politicians, especially, like to use educational issues to win votes. Often times, the implication takes away the quality learning which might have been going on in some settings because of the pressure of compliance and prescriptive notion in the policy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;In my opinion, educational policies must start from the classroom. It should start by what quality learning and teaching looks like. After that we think about what kind of structures that can support such teaching and learning to happen successfully. Then we can think about what kind of policies that can create and maintain such structures. I strongly think that we need to leave the matter to the experts. Too many people, particularly politicians, have abused their influence and authority to tell teachers and schools on how they should run their business. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Tyack and Cuban say that education policy is intrinsically political in origin. Maybe education will never be apolitical. If that is the case, then we have to make sure that people who make education policies have the expertise in education and can visualize the impact of their policies on where it matters the most; the classroom.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4456416414084009419?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4456416414084009419/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4456416414084009419' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4456416414084009419'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4456416414084009419'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/12/policy-implementation-in-real-world-of.html' title='Policy Implementation in the Real World of Schools'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREmFrmEy-I/AAAAAAAABK0/tC3HNhalq7Y/s72-c/IMG_2501.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-6274757958063659626</id><published>2010-12-21T17:05:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T17:05:31.333-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>The History of American Curriculum (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREkhwIDkyI/AAAAAAAABKw/gr3VSmV6Nno/s1600/IMG_4561.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREkhwIDkyI/AAAAAAAABKw/gr3VSmV6Nno/s320/IMG_4561.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;I am surprised by the fact that the debates that are going on in education in the US, especially the ones related with NCLB, have actually been going on since the beginning of last century. This is my general impression after reading Kliebard’s “Changing Course: American Curriculum Reform in the 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt; Century”. The prescribed curricula, the child-centeredness, the connection between schools and societal needs, schools and social change, differentiated curricula, scientific-based assessment, teacher quality, teacher-centered instruction, rote memorization over meaningful learning, and many others. It has struck me that the progressive ideas in education have been struggling to make their ways to be accepted by the more dominant group, especially in policy making. It has also struck me on how much schools, which were geared to fulfill the needs of an industrialized community, still have the same structures and attitude in facing the 21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;st&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt; century world. There has been a strong resistance. Why? How to make them successful?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Kliebard explains that successful reforms are socially and politically constructed. I think that it is true. To say that a good idea is a good idea will not be enough. But to inspire others, to raise the awareness, and to open many eyes and ears that a good idea is a good idea will be the foundation to do the capacity building, which will enable us address the issues in the reform agenda. As a passionate teacher and educator, it is my goal to actively participate in the awareness and capacity building in education reform in my country. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;We have so many agenda on the educational reform and we need to do it fast. For a gigantic country like Indonesia with so many diversity and complex social problems, decentralization strategy would be the best framework to endorse many educational innovations. Above all, like Dewey says, “…the reality of education is found in the personal and face-to-face interaction of teacher and child”, it is my belief that teachers is the key to this reform. Having quality teachers must be the top priority of the education reform in Indonesia. My main argument is that having better access will produce better results. When students have quality teachers - and when supported by adequate funding- the learning will be more powerful and the outcomes will be of high quality as well. There is no doubt about it. In my involvement later I will focus on the policy on the strategic plan as well as the curriculum for teacher education, both pre-service and in-service.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-6274757958063659626?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/6274757958063659626/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=6274757958063659626' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6274757958063659626'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6274757958063659626'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/12/history-of-american-curriculum-2.html' title='The History of American Curriculum (2)'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREkhwIDkyI/AAAAAAAABKw/gr3VSmV6Nno/s72-c/IMG_4561.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-6995507369754566704</id><published>2010-12-21T16:58:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T16:58:35.395-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>The History of American Curriculum (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREi6rCo8bI/AAAAAAAABKs/R6NwmNUZq0g/s1600/IMG_4759.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREi6rCo8bI/AAAAAAAABKs/R6NwmNUZq0g/s320/IMG_4759.jpg" width="235" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Education has always been referred to as the answer to many societal problems, gearing toward societal change. The problem with this is that many of the societal problems are rooted in social and political issues. For example, the learning opportunities gap which is caused by the economic gap, either because of the unjust socio-economic culture or regional disadvantage. While the authority usually pushes the standardized form of assessment, it should also push the agenda for equal quality of opportunity-to-learn standards. My big questions are: “Does education really have the capacity to solve current societal problems? What other elements that we have to consider in solving these problems? What should those elements do to solve the current societal problems? Are they doing their job?”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Tyack and Cuban (1995) say, “Progress or regress lay in the eye of the beholder.” I totally agree with this statement. In Indonesia, people measure the progress and regress in education based on the test scores. Many do not care enough about the kind of learning students experience in schools as long as the test scores show that they are good. In fact, the test scores are the main tools to see the national educational performance. In the eye of policymaker when the scores are good, it means we make good progress. Sadly, many teachers and educators tend to think similarly. The culture of high-stakes testing is so strong. To me this is a superficial progress or a false progress. Being both a student and a classroom teacher myself, I believe that the real understanding cannot be shown in several multiple-choice tests in 2 or 3 hours of time. Also teaching with the high pressure that students should perform well in the standardized tests will not be conducive for authentic, meaningful, engaging and enjoyable learning and will not enable learners to come to the deep understanding of the subject. My heart is so broken to know that our limited budget, which may be still corrupted, is spent for things which will only improve superficial learning and fossilize the false belief to high-stakes testing, instead for cultivating critical, creative and humble minds who are engaged in rich learning experience to enable them to succeed in the real world, both locally and globally.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-6995507369754566704?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/6995507369754566704/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=6995507369754566704' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6995507369754566704'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6995507369754566704'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/12/history-of-american-curriculum-1.html' title='The History of American Curriculum (1)'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TREi6rCo8bI/AAAAAAAABKs/R6NwmNUZq0g/s72-c/IMG_4759.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4109246145749340748</id><published>2010-11-30T09:59:00.007-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T18:09:23.721-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Who is accountable? To whom? For what? By what means?</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCekTZ7ATI/AAAAAAAABIQ/AvL2PkdE9V4/s1600/IMG_1609.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCekTZ7ATI/AAAAAAAABIQ/AvL2PkdE9V4/s200/IMG_1609.jpg" width="150" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"&gt;What I have been struggling in the accountability issue is the qualitative and quantitative paradigm. I believe that both sides have their own strengths and weaknesses. However, in practice, especially at the policy making level, the quantitative seems to be more favorable. It seems to have solved the problems of the policymakers. Quantitative method has the advantages of being macro, simple (by using statistics), easy, fast and less costly compared to the qualitative one. However, what seems to be unfair to me is that there are a lot of missing pieces of the real performance of either a child, a teacher or a school by using statistics only. There is a strong sense of reductionism by justifying our judgment based on the statistics only. Nevertheless, the real problem with the qualitative method, despite being more comprehensive and more fair, is the cost that we have to pay for doing it. It is also time-consuming and needs more resources than the quantitative one. It is my desire to find the best way to combine both paradigms in order to provide a more just way to capture the performance of either students, teachers and or schools.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4109246145749340748?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4109246145749340748/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4109246145749340748' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4109246145749340748'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4109246145749340748'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2007-reflection-who-is.html' title='Who is accountable? To whom? For what? By what means?'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCekTZ7ATI/AAAAAAAABIQ/AvL2PkdE9V4/s72-c/IMG_1609.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-5789052751359708942</id><published>2010-11-30T09:56:00.003-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T07:39:03.708-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>How Good is Good Enough and Who Says So?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCfmKB4gaI/AAAAAAAABIU/mAGxcl7aCKs/s1600/IMG_1571.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="150" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCfmKB4gaI/AAAAAAAABIU/mAGxcl7aCKs/s200/IMG_1571.JPG" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Standards for student performance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In the context of student performance it is very important to have standards. But the main question is how should we use the standards? This is the tricky part that many educators do not spend much time to think about. The way we use the standards will determine the powerfulness of the standards.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In many teaching and learning settings, standards are everything. They are seen as the verses in a holy book. I disagree with this view. To me standards are the guidelines for the teachers and educators to make the most of student learning. One of my main arguments is that students come to class with different learning readiness. One might have developed the ability in mathematical skills in his or her family or form his or her previous learning experience. This person will appear as a very strong student in math class. However, in my point of view he appears to be good because he already is at the front position when the learning in the classroom starts to happen in a particular academic year. Some other students might fall below the starting expectations, but this may as well be due to they have not yet been given the opportunities to develop as far as their other classmates. What will be dangerous is when we label these students negatively, even worse by showing them that they are not as priceless as the other who are smarter than them. So, there is a bias in the learning readiness.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;There are other issues that can strengthen this argument, such as learning interests, learning motivation, learning styles and so on. The bottom line is that standards should be used as a grand map, on which we can choose our journey depending where our starting points are and what resources can we access and what opportunities are given to us.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-5789052751359708942?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/5789052751359708942/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=5789052751359708942' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5789052751359708942'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5789052751359708942'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2007-reflection-how-good-is-good.html' title='How Good is Good Enough and Who Says So?'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCfmKB4gaI/AAAAAAAABIU/mAGxcl7aCKs/s72-c/IMG_1571.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-5974901490201385377</id><published>2010-11-30T09:53:00.003-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T07:43:39.685-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Who Gets What Kind of Learning Opportunities?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCgT-WmNgI/AAAAAAAABIY/Cg9_hp2M4f4/s1600/IMG_0480.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCgT-WmNgI/AAAAAAAABIY/Cg9_hp2M4f4/s200/IMG_0480.jpg" width="150" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The education system that we have now was built on the assumption that education is a privilege, not a right. Thus, in many settings and at many levels we can find the unequal learning opportunities. In general, the opportunity-to-learn standards have not been fully addressed yet. The standards, which are evaluated every time, were all about performance and achievement. In most cases, it is not an equal playground. Students from low-income and minority are always in the more disadvantaged position in one way or another.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;I completely agree with the opportunity-to-learn standards proposed by Linda Darling-Hammond. In her book, “The Right to Learn”, she argues that there are two important elements for such standards, which are adequate funding and qualified teachers. Without these two it would be unfair that we demand all students to reach the high standards that we set for our education. To ignore the opportunity-to-learn standards is to deny the right to learn for every child.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCg1DxM7xI/AAAAAAAABIc/x8KhqyF1dP8/s1600/IMG_0695.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCg1DxM7xI/AAAAAAAABIc/x8KhqyF1dP8/s200/IMG_0695.JPG" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In Indonesia, this issue is very relevant. As far as I’m concerned, we have not defined what is adequate yet. I don’t think that either the central government or the provincial governments pay much attention to research what adequate education means, let alone what adequate funding. I believe we have to define what we mean by adequate education, which should also be about quality education, which can enable learners to achieve the learning expectations through rigorous curriculum. In addition to that, like what Linda Darling-Hammond says, this also means that we have to rethink about the strategies for our teacher education programs, which is the most crucial element in education. From my experience, I would say that no matter how much sophisticated a program is, how much money that we have, and how much inspirational the ideas are, but as long as we do not have the teaching force that can transform all of those excellent resources into quality teaching and learning in the classroom, they will go wasted. On the other hand, even without all those beautiful resources (program, money and ideas) but with quality teachers, powerful learning can happen. It is my strong belief that the most important element in ensuring the access to quality education is having qualified teachers, which will be my main focus in my involvement in educational reform in my country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-5974901490201385377?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/5974901490201385377/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=5974901490201385377' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5974901490201385377'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5974901490201385377'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2007-reflection-who-gets-what.html' title='Who Gets What Kind of Learning Opportunities?'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCgT-WmNgI/AAAAAAAABIY/Cg9_hp2M4f4/s72-c/IMG_0480.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-6955674640230556138</id><published>2010-11-30T09:51:00.004-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T08:06:45.148-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>The Educational Policy Making in Indonesia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCh2Gxt6zI/AAAAAAAABIg/5oZMaitEWvg/s1600/IMG_7878.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCh2Gxt6zI/AAAAAAAABIg/5oZMaitEWvg/s200/IMG_7878.jpg" width="150" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;What normally happens at the policymaking in Indonesia is that the policymakers do not have the sensitivity and the vision of what quality teaching and learning looks like and how significant it is to have quality teaching and learning. In many cases they act more like bureaucrats whose philosophy is “If we can make it hard, why should we make it easy?” This applies in almost all aspects of bureaucracy, starting form funding, testing, teacher education, etc. There is a strong sense of feudalism and lack of critical thinking ability. The quality of the decisions is poor, as well as the implementation strategies. Despite some improvement has been made in the last 9 years of reform movement, in general this ineffectiveness is still felt very strongly.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;What we need is more educators assuming important roles in the policymaking. These educators are do not only need to know what they are talking about, but also they need to be visionary, inspirational, honest and have excellent management skills.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-6955674640230556138?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/6955674640230556138/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=6955674640230556138' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6955674640230556138'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6955674640230556138'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2007-reflection-educational.html' title='The Educational Policy Making in Indonesia'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCh2Gxt6zI/AAAAAAAABIg/5oZMaitEWvg/s72-c/IMG_7878.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-425703014059287772</id><published>2010-11-30T09:26:00.008-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T09:57:56.423-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Characteristics of Teacher-Centered &amp; Student-Centered Instruction</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCjLgYhoVI/AAAAAAAABIk/op6fPhK01yQ/s1600/IMG_7903.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Source: Cuban, L. (1993). How teachers taught. New York: Teachers College Press&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teacher-centered instruction means that a teacher controls what is taught, when and under what conditions within a classroom. The indicators are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCjLgYhoVI/AAAAAAAABIk/op6fPhK01yQ/s1600/IMG_7903.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="150" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCjLgYhoVI/AAAAAAAABIk/op6fPhK01yQ/s200/IMG_7903.JPG" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Teacher talk exceeds student talk during instruction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Instruction occurs frequently with the whole class; small-group or individual instruction occurs less often.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Use of class time is largely determined by the teacher.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The teachers rely heavily upon the textbook to guide curricular and instructional decision making.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The classroom furniture is usually arranged into rows of desks or chairs facing a chalkboard with a teacher’s desk nearby.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Student –centered instruction means that students exercise a substantial degree of responsibility for what is taught, how it is learned, and for movement within the classroom. Some indicators are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCl4diHPNI/AAAAAAAABIs/Nm5o1Ln-LZM/s1600/IMG_7938.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCl4diHPNI/AAAAAAAABIs/Nm5o1Ln-LZM/s200/IMG_7938.jpg" width="150" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Student talk about learning tasks is at least equal to, if not greater than, teacher talk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Most instruction occurs individually, in small groups (2 to 6 students) or in moderate-sized groups rather than being directed at the entire class.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Students help choose and organize the content to be learned.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Teachers permit students to determine, partially or wholly, rules of behavior, classroom rewards and penalties, and how they are to be enforced.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Varied instructional materials (e.g., activity centers, learning stations, interest centers) are available in the classroom so that students can use them independently or in small groups.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Use of these materials is scheduled, either by the teacher or in consultation with students, for at least half of the academic table available.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The classroom is usually arranged in a manner that permits students to work together or separately, in small groups or in individual work spaces; no dominant pattern in arranging classroom furniture exists, and desks, tables, and chairs are aligned frequently.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-425703014059287772?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/425703014059287772/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=425703014059287772' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/425703014059287772'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/425703014059287772'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2007-reflection-characteristics.html' title='Characteristics of Teacher-Centered &amp; Student-Centered Instruction'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCjLgYhoVI/AAAAAAAABIk/op6fPhK01yQ/s72-c/IMG_7903.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4913562691778677076</id><published>2010-11-30T09:21:00.003-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T08:09:11.812-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Incremental &amp; Fundamental Education Reform</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Source: Cuban, L. (1993). How teachers taught. New York: Teachers College Press.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCmvvqdH-I/AAAAAAAABIw/B5M4rCrkeYE/s1600/IMG_0742.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCmvvqdH-I/AAAAAAAABIw/B5M4rCrkeYE/s400/IMG_0742.jpg" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The incremental reform aims at the improvement of the efficiency and the effectiveness of existing structures of schooling, including classroom teaching. Basic structures are perceived to be sound, but need improving. Just like an old car, which is still good if it gets fixed. For instance this would be adding another curricular track to the existing ones; introducing merit pay; decreasing class size; adding counselors or an assistant principal; improving attendance procedures; and changing parent conference times to accommodate single, working parents. In the classroom it would be adding new units; in-service workshops for teachers on how to use the class computer to keep students attendance and record grades; or introducing teachers to various techniques of maintaining classroom discipline.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The fundamental reform aims at transformation, permanent alteration. It lies on the premise that the current structures are flawed at their very core and need a complete overhaul, not renovations. We need to get a new car or consider different forms of transportation. The instances are the introduction of kindergarten and junior high school into the educational system at the turn of the 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; century.&amp;nbsp;In the classroom some examples are like transforming the central role of teachers for power and knowledge to the role of coach who guides students to their own decisions, who helps them find meaning in their experiences. Teaching becomes structuring activities that enable students to learn from subject matter, one another and the community. Teaching becomes more less telling and more listening. Student learning becomes active and includes group work, play, independent work, and artistic expression. There is less seatwork and listening to the teacher explanation. Such changes would represent fundamental alterations in the ways teachers think about the nature of knowledge, teaching and learning, and about their actions in the classroom.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4913562691778677076?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4913562691778677076/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4913562691778677076' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4913562691778677076'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4913562691778677076'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2007-reflection-incremental.html' title='Incremental &amp; Fundamental Education Reform'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCmvvqdH-I/AAAAAAAABIw/B5M4rCrkeYE/s72-c/IMG_0742.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-5933932184076926623</id><published>2010-11-30T09:11:00.004-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T08:18:14.758-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Teachers at the Turn of the 20th Century</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCo75luK-I/AAAAAAAABI4/u9m9zhLQV1o/s1600/IMG_0771.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCo75luK-I/AAAAAAAABI4/u9m9zhLQV1o/s320/IMG_0771.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The great debates in the roles and the goals of education in the US at the turn of the twentieth century in general shifted the focus of education away from the teachers, and moved into the remote knowledge and values incarnate in curriculum (Kliebard, 1987). Despite very little evidence on what happened in the classroom around this period of time, Cuban (1993) is able to make some suggestions. In general, he mentions that teachers seemed to dominate the classroom talk, mainly by explaining and asking questions. Students sat in rows of desks facing the teachers and worked at their desk for most of the time. Interestingly, Cuban points out that in the academic society here the notion of being scientific grew stronger, the field of educational psychology suggested that students best learned from repetition and memorization. This may have contributed the teaching practices where students were usually asked to recite from their textbooks. There was a strong expectation in the uniformity of behavior in coping with an increasingly complex industrial and technological society. This expectation is closely related to the education reform movement of the social efficiency group.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Rousmaniere (1997) suggests that the social-efficiency oriented curriculum was the dominant curriculum reform movement in the 1920s, especially at the high school level. It aimed at creating a more effective system in American schools, which in the end should produce efficient American citizens and workers in a rapidly changing and widely diverse American society.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Teachers are reported to be exhausted by the intensification of their work. Teachers were expected to perform more roles on top of their overload routines. There are several examples given by Rousmaniere. First, teachers were expected to assume the role of social workers. Rousmaniere described the school as the “department store of community service.” For instance, teachers were expected to perform the role of health educator. They had to teach the general hygiene, and heighten health awareness. Moreover, teachers also had to deal with the mental health issues, by preventing the personality disorders of their students. The classroom instruction should address the development of child’s emotional needs and the adjustment of real-life. Parent-teacher associations were created and teachers also had to study more about child psychology. Some other examples are the significant increase of extracurricular activities, which needed teacher supervision, and the development of homeroom, which intended to develop the sense of community and civic responsibility.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Second, the issue of accountability, which was related to tests. Strongly argued for the need of constant evaluation, the social efficiency sees tests as the tools to measure the results of the teaching. Teachers were required to conduct student achievement tests very frequently to their students. In some elementary schools it happened every week. In addition, teachers also had to administer and grade the intelligence tests. One of the common complaints from the teacher was that they spent so much time administering and grading the tests that they did not have enough time for the class instruction. On top of that, the usefulness of the tests were seen doubtful. It is reported that the test pressure had taken up most of teachers’ time and energy, which could have been spent for supporting students’ learning.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;To conclude, the overwhelming demands for new roles that teachers had to play and the test pressure may have contributed to the failure of the teachers to be creative and motivated to develop programs that may have been relevant to students’ lives. The classroom pattern seemed to remain the same despite the talk of curriculum reform (social efficiency-oriented curriculum). Teachers still dominated the classroom and used the rotes methods of learning. In short, teachers did not seem to be able to cope with the increasing new roles they were required to assume by the curriculum reform. Mainly it was because of their insufficient time, exhaustion or lack of expertise. In addition, schools were not fully equipped with the needed supplies, materials and resources to support the teachers to redesign their programs to accommodate the curriculum demands. In the end, as Rousmaniere says, it seems to be that it was far easier to talk curriculum reform than to actually do it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-5933932184076926623?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/5933932184076926623/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=5933932184076926623' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5933932184076926623'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5933932184076926623'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2007-reflection-teachers-at-turn.html' title='Teachers at the Turn of the 20th Century'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCo75luK-I/AAAAAAAABI4/u9m9zhLQV1o/s72-c/IMG_0771.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-8526737244756924578</id><published>2010-11-30T09:04:00.004-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T08:37:24.523-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spring 2007 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Constancy &amp; Change</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 382.65pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCq_ZK271I/AAAAAAAABJE/bpNtXNQdkjk/s1600/des3+230.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCq_ZK271I/AAAAAAAABJE/bpNtXNQdkjk/s320/des3+230.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 30px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In my opinion the first two arguments put forward by Cuban in his book “How Teachers Taught: Constancy and Change in American Classroom 1890-1990” are the most significant ones. They are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Cultural beliefs about the nature of knowledge, how      teaching should occur, and how children should learn are so widespread and      deeply rooted that they steer the thinking of policymakers, practitioners,      parents, and citizens toward certain form of instruction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The organization and practice of formal schooling      function to socialize and sort students into varied socioeconomic niches.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 30px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The nature of a culture is that the more established a culture, the more resistance it is towards change. The ways we have run our education systems have been fossilized. People usually take it for granted that education has always been the way they have experienced it. People are nervous to make changes because they don’t have any clear ideas on how the changes are going to lead them into.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Furthermore, the mentality of the industrial age has also been fossilized. From the educational setting students seems to be given the verdict of where should they function in the society, either as the top managers, middle managers or the labors. This could explain why students have been grouped as talented and have received high quality education, while others who are grouped as struggling can only experience education that mirrors the culture of low expectations. Students in the later group are assumed to fill in the low-paying, manual, and less prestigious positions in the society at their later life.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;I believe it is not an easy task to transform the educational system, because the resistance will be very high. However, it is also my belief that it is possible to do it, provided the reformists keep the ‘awareness snowball’ rolling, which will make the whole society realize the need to change the traditional perspectives. When this happens and starts to dominate the policies and their implementations, we will be able to see some fundamental changes in the educational system. This effort should be supported by endless high quality research that is geared towards better policies and better practices in education, either at the institutional level and classroom level.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Spring 2007 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-8526737244756924578?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/8526737244756924578/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=8526737244756924578' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8526737244756924578'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8526737244756924578'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2007-reflection-constancy-change.html' title='Constancy &amp; Change'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCq_ZK271I/AAAAAAAABJE/bpNtXNQdkjk/s72-c/des3+230.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-2474165424408835986</id><published>2010-11-30T08:34:00.004-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T08:47:30.030-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Fall 2006 Reflection'/><title type='text'>My Dream School</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCutZmLHnI/AAAAAAAABJQ/8rtxgw0Z-CQ/s1600/IMG_0192.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCutZmLHnI/AAAAAAAABJQ/8rtxgw0Z-CQ/s320/IMG_0192.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 30px;"&gt;In my dream, a school is a happy place for all members in its surrounding communities. There is a passion for learning where everyone would like to stretch himself to be able to continue growing. The teachers always want to seek for better and better ways to help their students to learn. There is a strong awareness among the teaching staff to cultivate the intrinsic motivation in their students to learn and be the ‘world explorers’. This in effect will generate the love of learning in students that will last a lifetime. Students go to school with a big smile on their faces. They can’t wait the time to go to school. They want to be at school all the time because they feel that learning is very enjoyable. They want to keep discovering new things in the world as well as revealing the secrets of the universe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In my professional experience it is imperative that teachers are morally, professionally and financially supported to perform their job well. Thus the dream school heavily invest on the human development by providing either ongoing in-house training or sending their academic and administrative staff to professional development workshops and seminars. These workshops and seminars should address the issues of both what to teach and how to teach. The school builds an excellent teachers library and allocates some budget periodically to keep updating the library with the newest books either about the teaching content, or teaching methodologies. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCudSaOdgI/AAAAAAAABJM/d5BZJg0ghXk/s1600/IMG_2578.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCudSaOdgI/AAAAAAAABJM/d5BZJg0ghXk/s320/IMG_2578.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Another issue that is quite crucial in making able teachers able to perform well from my professional experience is financial security. I have seen the detrimental effect it has on the students when teachers have to do two to three different jobs just to make sure that they can provide their family enough financial support to survive in day-to-day life. In my dream school financial security is guaranteed to make sure that the teachers can focus on doing their job that is to help students learn to the utmost of their ability. The compensation package must be comprehensive that it covers issues such as housing, health care, pension plan, and some incentives for the teachers’ children education. By giving a very good financial security, it will give the teachers a boost of confidence socially where they can enjoy a respectful social status. This in the long run will make many young people attracted to teaching jobs. If the opportunity of becoming a teacher becomes more competitive, the quality of the teaching force will increase. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In addition, there is a strong sense of collaboration and collegiality within the academic and the administrative staff. The school allocates some time to make sure that teachers and the administrative staff have the chance to work together towards a shared project or simply to share what they know and what they have recently discovered. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Diversity is recognized and respected by all elements at all levels. As suggested by the theory of multiple intelligences that there is a wide range diversity in how we see the smartness ; namely nature-smart, self-smart, people-smart, body-smart, music-smart, word-smart, number-smart and picture-smart. This framework should be reflected in the curriculum and instructional design of the school as well as the way students are assessed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In teaching and learning the school designs a growing curriculum, which takes into account the differences in students’ backgrounds, learning styles, learning readiness, learning interests, learning motivation, learning goals and learning pace of learners. The curriculum is not seen as something that is static. Rather it is seen as something dynamics, something that is alive. The curriculum grows as students, teachers and also parents grow at the same time. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCuPEkMe3I/AAAAAAAABJI/tREbLWtE0Zg/s1600/IMG_0704.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCuPEkMe3I/AAAAAAAABJI/tREbLWtE0Zg/s320/IMG_0704.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;As one of the components in teaching and learning, assessment is seen as a way to map an individual student’s growth, not a way to punish him/her. It should be treated comprehensively, not partially. In that way a student can achieve success in multiple ways and not a single way is more superior to the others. For example, students who aren’t good at math aren’t labeled struggling students because they may have strengths in other areas. Every area/subject should have an equal status. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Last but not least, there must be a strong sense of ownership of the school by the community. This will result in active participation by either parents or other members of the community to help the running of the school. There is a forum, which is given the responsibility to design the direction of the school. I believe that the direction of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 30px;"&gt;school should reflect the world vision that the community wants to create.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 30px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;Iwan Syahril, Manhattan, Fall 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-2474165424408835986?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/2474165424408835986/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=2474165424408835986' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/2474165424408835986'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/2474165424408835986'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2006-reflection-my-dream-school.html' title='My Dream School'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCutZmLHnI/AAAAAAAABJQ/8rtxgw0Z-CQ/s72-c/IMG_0192.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-7728413754886784151</id><published>2010-11-30T08:13:00.007-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T09:00:52.905-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Fall 2006 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Bilingual Education in Indonesia</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The Making of the National Language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCx_Z03wCI/AAAAAAAABJk/xV_UyUs5aI0/s1600/p25-a_19.img_assist_custom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="134" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCx_Z03wCI/AAAAAAAABJk/xV_UyUs5aI0/s200/p25-a_19.img_assist_custom.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Indonesia, where the Spices islands are located, used to be known as the Dutch East Indies. It was colonized for almost 350 years. The Malay language was already popular all over the archipelago, even before the Europeans came into the region. Malay was the lingua franca among the traders (Sneddon, 2003). The Malay peninsula, the Malacca strait and Malacca were the famous areas where there were a lot of trading posts and the popular route for traveling to Asia from Europe and vice versa. This is why there were many people learned Malay language and the reason it was understood in many parts of Indonesia. Moreover, the Malay was also used in the spread of modern religions such as Christianity and Islam. These two religions were introduced and spread throughout the region, mostly in Malay (Kaplan &amp;amp; Baldauf Jr., 2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The Dutch learned very quickly the significance of Malay language when they first arrived in the region in the late 16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; century and some attempts were made to understand the language. Malay was often chosen as the auxiliary language during Dutch colonization era in Indonesia, except in the 18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; century when the trading business went down (Sneddon, 2003; Kaplan &amp;amp; Baldauf Jr, 2003). During this period the Dutch had more focus on Java, which led to the promotion of Javanese language as the common language. However, this effort met with little success.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Schools were rare in Dutch East Indies. This situation changed a little bit in mid 19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; century as the result of liberal reform forces in the Netherlands (Kaplan &amp;amp; Baldauf Jr., 2003). More primary schools were established, but mainly in Java and some more in Maluku (Mollucas), Minahasa and Timor. It was not until the 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; century the other parts of Indonesia were provided education. The regional language and/or Malay was the language of instruction in native and village schools (limited to primary level), while Dutch was used in schools for the Dutch, Christian and military children.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Even though Malay was made an authorized language of the Peoples Council of the Netherlands East Indies in 1918, the Dutch language was the most prestigious language because it was seen a symbol of status among the Indonesian elites and it gave the Indonesian people access to jobs and higher education. However, this situation soon changed as more Indonesians got into higher education, some went to universities in Holland, and they initiated the nationalist movement with an independent Indonesia as the main goal. They were fully aware that a common language was needed for unifying such rich sociolinguistic nation. Dutch language was out of option because despite of its advantages as being the most developed language spoken in the region, it was tied to the colonist. Moreover, only the elites knew how to speak Dutch but not the majority of the people (Alisjahbana, as cited in Kaplan &amp;amp; Bauldauf, 2003).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The other logical option was Javanese or Sundanese. The rationale was simple. It was the language of the majority groups. It would be easier to implement, compared to other languages, because there were 42% of the people who had already spoken the language. This means that less effort was needed than to choose a minority language. However, it was not chosen mainly because its linguistic complexity. This complexity is tied into the Javanese culture, which is very hierarchical, with an aristocracy at the top and the mass of peasants at the bottom (Sneddon, 2003, p. 104).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The next option was the Malay language. Despite being spoken by only 5 % of the whole population at the beginning of the 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; century, when Indonesian independence movement started to accelerate, Malay was the lingua franca of the region, because it was the widely used language in trading in the coastal and urban areas (Alisjahbana, Asher, &amp;amp; Nababan, as cited in Renandaya, 2004). However, regardless of having some high literature, Malay was the language that needed a lot of development to be able to function effectively in modern world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The Youth Congress in October 1928 was a significant landmark in Indonesia’s independence movement. The declaration of the representatives who came from all across archipelago sent a very strong message to the nationalist movement. The participants called for the unity of Indonesia by stating that they belong to one country, one nation, and one national language, which is Indonesia. It was the first time the name &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bahasa Indonesia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;(renamed from Malay language) appeared on the national movement stage and it was used soon after the Congress as a symbol of the integration of the whole Indonesia. This was a strong message that new Republic would use a national language, which is not the majority language, taking the risks of the amount of work needed to be done to develop the language to function effectively for modern communication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The World War II brought the Japanese into the region and in 1942 they defeated the Dutch and took over Indonesia. This era is of great significance to the language development because Japan encouraged the official usage of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bahasa Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; for official purposes such as for law and government communication with the people, thus banning Dutch language for public use. This also resulted in the translation many documents, including school textbooks from Dutch into&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; Bahasa Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bahasa Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; was used as the language of education at all levels (Sneddon, 2003, p. 111).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCyIYXVw1I/AAAAAAAABJo/vF27RlPFlK0/s1600/1hatta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="146" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCyIYXVw1I/AAAAAAAABJo/vF27RlPFlK0/s200/1hatta.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The lack of words or expressions to explain a lot of modern concepts led into the establishment of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Komisi Bahasa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; (Language Commission). This commission then dealt with the creation of the terminology. It is also important to note that with the expansion of the newspapers in Indonesian language, the journalists also actively contributed into the coining of new terms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Following the Japanese defeat in World War II, Indonesia proclaimed its independence on August 17, 1945. It is stipulated in the constitution of the new Republic that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bahasa Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; is the state and official language. This shows the mandate for language unity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;On the other hand there is an acknowledgement for language diversity as stated in the annotations of the constitution, article 36 regarding language. It says:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Regional languages, which are well preserved by the people, such as the Javanese,&amp;nbsp;Sundanese, Madurese and other languages, will be respected and preserved by the state, since&amp;nbsp;these languages are also part of the Indonesian culture. (Department of Information, the Republic&amp;nbsp;of Indonesia, 1989)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Thus, the founding fathers of the new Republic mandated the unity of the whole Indonesia without eliminating the uniqueness of each culture, including the language. This is reflected in the national motto, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bhinneka Tunggal Ika&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; (Unity in Diversity).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bilingual education policy in Indonesia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCyT0ia0BI/AAAAAAAABJs/ZQYTPokY-UQ/s1600/hatta_d110b1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCyT0ia0BI/AAAAAAAABJs/ZQYTPokY-UQ/s200/hatta_d110b1.jpg" width="145" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;After the independence war for almost 5 years, Indonesia started to build its education system. The curriculum development has always been centralized since 1950. This includes the development of teacher’s guides, textbooks and other supporting materials (Kaplan &amp;amp; Baldauf Jr, 2003:95). All of these components are in Bahasa Indonesia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In the bilingual education policy, Indonesia uses the transitional instructional strategy. As stipulated by the constitution, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bahasa Indonesia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;is the sole state official language. Thus, the language of instruction that must be used in schools is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bahasa Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;. However, given the situation that it was difficult to start straight into the Bahasa Indonesia, the regional languages may be used as the language of instruction during the first three years of the primary school. After that, students are expected to know be fluent in Indonesian language. This strategy has proven to be successfully implemented with no significant resistance throughout Indonesia. There is an accepted norm that everybody needs to learn Bahasa Indonesia and people are expected to be fluent in it.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In addition Bahasa Indonesia is also taught as the compulsory subject at all levels of education. Muclish (as cited in Renandya, 2004, chap. 6) reveals that primary school students learn Bahasa Indonesia for 5 to 5 ½ hours in a week. In the secondary schools, it is taught for 4 to 5 hours per week, except for the language stream, where students can study Bahasa Indonesia for 10 hours in a week. In college and universities, Bahasa Indonesia is a required subject, which should be taken for one or two semesters.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The regional language can be taught as a separate subject at the primary and secondary schools. However, it is not found as a regular practice for many regions in Indonesia. Partly, it is believed that the regional languages are still well spoken in the social interactions despite not being taught at school. The other reason might be related to the financial capability of most schools in Indonesia. The lack of teachers has been one of the main problems in the education system. The teaching of regional languages is not seen as the highest priority to deal with. In addition, there has not been a significant material and curriculum development for the teaching of regional languages. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bilingual Implementation issues&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCxpTDr44I/AAAAAAAABJg/0n1HBvVtcSc/s1600/sukarno4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="135" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCxpTDr44I/AAAAAAAABJg/0n1HBvVtcSc/s200/sukarno4.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The audacity to choose the minority language, spoken only by 5% of the population before the independence of Indonesia, entailed some implementation problems. First, the lack of qualified teachers to teach the language. Rubin (as cited in Kaplan &amp;amp; Baldauf Jr., 2003) says that one of the major issues is that many teachers are neither the native speakers nor having enough training to enable them to teach the formal Bahasa Indonesia. This issue, however, is not a major one now as the language has spread very fast to the entire region. Nevertheless, Rubin thinks that the better in-service training is still needed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Another problem is that some students get a lot less exposure to the language since they live in the areas where the national language is not used in daily conversations at all, compared to the students who live in more ethnically mixed, such as in Jakarta and other big cities in Indonesia. The students who get less exposure, thus, have less opportunity to use the language, which in turn may affect their academic achievement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The revision of the language curriculum in 1984 and 1994 resulted in the adoption of the pragmatic approach in the teaching of Bahasa Indonesia. However, in the real classroom situations, most teachers still use the structural approach which many students consider monotonous and uninteresting. In addition, there are few resources that are usually provided for teachers to enable them to make more interesting lessons. As a result, Bahasa Indonesia is not seen as the most favorite subject for many Indonesian students. The issues of teaching methodology and learning resources, however, are not limited to the teaching of Bahasa Indonesia, but they are the main problems in the whole Indonesian education system. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bilingual progress&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The Indonesian national language and bilingual education policy is believed to be a major success. Sneddon (2003) shows the following table.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Year&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Indonesia   Speakers (millions, rounded)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Total   Population (millions, rounded)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;%   of population speaking Indonesian&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1971&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;48&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;118&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;41&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1980&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;90&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;146&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;62&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1990&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;131&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;157&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="120"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;83&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;From the census data, we can see that from 1971 to 1990 the number of speakers of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bahasa Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; went up more than twice as much, from 41% to 83%.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;While the education system has been believed as the major factor of this success, there are other factors, which are also considered significant. Among others is the increase in the literacy rate, which can be justified from the growing circulation of the print media. Alwi (as cited in Renandya, 2004) reports that the literacy rate went up during the period of 1980 to 1990, from 72% to 84%. Lowenberg (as cited in Renandya) shows that there was a 1,000% increase of the total circulation of magazines and newspapers from 1965 to late 1980s. One might argue that the real figures, nearly 11 million copies in the late 1980s, are small compared to the total population of Indonesia, but it is believed that the real numbers are a lot bigger. This is due to the common practice of sharing one issue of magazine and newspaper between several families and neighbors (Renandya, 2004). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Nababan (1991) also suggests that there is a direct relationship between the increase of the use of Bahasa Indonesia with the increased geographical mobility as a result of centralized civil and military service. In addition, he points out to the phenomena of increasing interethnic/interlingual marriages in Indonesia to be one of the factors of the increasing number of native speakers of Bahasa Indonesia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Fall 2006 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-7728413754886784151?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/7728413754886784151/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=7728413754886784151' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7728413754886784151'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7728413754886784151'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2006-reflection-making-of.html' title='Bilingual Education in Indonesia'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCx_Z03wCI/AAAAAAAABJk/xV_UyUs5aI0/s72-c/p25-a_19.img_assist_custom.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-6950952221909647331</id><published>2010-11-30T08:10:00.003-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T09:09:18.436-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Fall 2006 Reflection'/><title type='text'>Bilingual Education</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC02FF5IhI/AAAAAAAABJ0/kGnXfMEH1OE/s1600/IMG_5624.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC02FF5IhI/AAAAAAAABJ0/kGnXfMEH1OE/s320/IMG_5624.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 32px;"&gt;What is generally meant by the term bilingual education is the use of two (or more) languages of instruction at some point during one’s school career (Cummins, 2003). In addition to the teaching of both languages separately, they should also be used in teaching subject matter content.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;De Gaetano, Williams, and Volk (1998) and Nieto (2004) explain that there are two kinds of bilingual instructional models. The first one is called the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;transitional model&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;; where the students are introduced to English language (as their second language) and use their native language too at the same time until they reach the level of English language that is considered good enough to follow the instructions in full English. This is considered as an assimilationist approach. The other one is called &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; or &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;developmental bilingual instruction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;, which is considered as an acculturationist approach. In this model, students are expected to build on their linguistic skills in their first language while learning English at the same time. This can be categorized as static maintenance model, when the first language is not further developed; or this can also be categorized as developmental, when the first language and the second language are encouraged to be used as the languages of instruction throughout student’s school career.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Cummins further explains that bilingual can be seen as the means or the goal. On one hand, the emphasis can be on the use of two or more instructional languages to achieve educational goals. On the other hand, the emphasis can be on the main outcomes, which may be the bilingual proficiency of students. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Moreover, Cummins suggests five types of bilingual program. The first type is the one where the indigenous or native languages as mediums of instruction; usually as the strategy to revive the endangered languages. The second one involves the use of a national language alongside with a majority or more dominant language; often found in the former colonized countries. The third type focuses on the inclusion of the languages of the recent immigrant; usually intended as the way to assimilate to the country they just move into. The fourth type is quite a recent phenomenon. This bilingual program serves children who are deaf or have hearing difficulties. The last type is aimed at the more dominant or majority groups. This program is intended to build bilingual proficiency for its students. Cummins explains that the categories may overlap in the sense that one bilingual program can be put into more than one category.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Fall 2006 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-6950952221909647331?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/6950952221909647331/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=6950952221909647331' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6950952221909647331'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6950952221909647331'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2006-reflection-bilingual.html' title='Bilingual Education'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC02FF5IhI/AAAAAAAABJ0/kGnXfMEH1OE/s72-c/IMG_5624.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-7260745203032309817</id><published>2010-11-30T07:56:00.006-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T09:14:21.675-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Fall 2006 Reflection'/><title type='text'>My Takeaway from the Multicultural Approach in Teaching &amp; Learning Course</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC2CJ8bXqI/AAAAAAAABJ8/QW6l6GNzQaM/s1600/IMG_1303.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC2CJ8bXqI/AAAAAAAABJ8/QW6l6GNzQaM/s320/IMG_1303.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;As a person that also comes from a very diverse country, Indonesia, the home of more than 300 ethnic groups and over 500 different languages just to name some features of our diversity, I am always aware of the importance to know how to act and behave appropriately in a diverse setting. I believe that we should always try to reach out to understand other cultures, to meet each other half-way in order to come to terms with our views of the world. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;"&gt;The founding fathers of my country, I believe, did a great job in acknowledging diversity, which can be seen with the national motto, &lt;i&gt;Bhinneka Tunggal Ika&lt;/i&gt;, which means ‘Unity in Diversity’ (as opposed to ‘Uniformity in Diversity’). This has the idea of togetherness, living in co-existence with understanding, tolerance and respect, by acknowledging the uniqueness of all existing cultures. This is the same as the analogy of a ‘salad bowl’ (or a tossed salad), instead of a ‘melting pot’, where all cultures keep their own unique identities but at the same time interact in a cooperative, collective and humanistic spirit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;"&gt;The interaction of ideas in the class has made me think that multiculturalism is, in fact, a global issue. My big question in this course is, “What and to what extent is the relevance of multicultural studies for the 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century?”. I think that the accelerating pace of the mobility of people and information will give different nuances to the cultural interactions. The more global the world is, the more intense the interaction between cultures. Thus, we need the awareness and the skills to deal with multicultural settings. The failure to possess such skills may harm our dream of having a harmonious and peaceful world, which I believe is what almost all of the citizens of the world would like to see.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: left;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One of my reflections in this course is I conclude that multicultural education is a political decision. It is political in its origin. After reading an article titled ‘The Evolution of Multicultural Education: A Sociological Perspective’ written by Leslie Wiliams (2003), I was surprised that the awareness of multiculturalism already existed before the 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century. It began when more immigrants came to the US and then they were allowed to build their separate and isolated communities with their own schools. After this segregated diversity, there was a growing concern of the foreign influence. It is interesting for me to see that the idea of melting pot was very dominant at the beginning of the 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century. There was a strong tendency to Americanize all Americans. Then in 1960s the desegregation of schools promoted the notion of respect, tolerance and understanding where intercultural interaction does not eliminate the identity of any cultures (Williams, 2003; in Ramsey, Williams &amp;amp; Vold (Eds), 2003). Thus, the awareness building of the importance of multicultural education should also take part in the political settings at all levels.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"&gt;There are a lot of issues that are still unresolved in my mind regarding multiculturalism. For instance, I keep searching for the relevance of multicultural studies for the 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century. Where is the world heading and what is the role of multiculturalism? With the mobility of people and information, are we going to head for a world culture?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"&gt;I also feel that the dynamism of culture also happens within the culture itself. There are issues about the influence and power play between dominants and less dominant groups, social class structures, the changing roles and expectations, and other issues within a cultural setting. This may happen as a result of a driving force inside the culture,. Iit can also happen because of the influence of an outside or some outside cultures, or the combination of both. I would like to explore of the pattern of the complex interaction within the culture and outside the culture as well as between the environment of the culture towards cultural changes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"&gt;Despite my personal belief that all cultures must live co-existently, I also think that there will always be more dominant and less dominant cultures. Ideally, this interaction should be equal. Unfortunately, in a realistic portrait of the today’s world, such equal playground would be difficult to be created. The main reason is because of the media. Media shapes a lot of our beliefs and ideas of the world. It will influence our perceptions of what kind of world we would like to create and how we are going to create it. As the media, especially the worldwide media, is owned by developed countries, there will always be the tendency for the world as seen by the more developed world, not only in daily or weekly news, but also in terms of movies, songs, novels, books, etc. This will result in the assimilation and acculturation of culture in a lot bigger setting than ever before, where media plays a very dominant role. Thus, the interaction of cultures in the multicultural world of the 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century will be heavily influenced by media. Therefore, I think the teaching of media literacy skills is very crucial for the education in the 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century, including for the multicultural education.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"&gt;In relation with teaching and learning I feel that teachers must be quite overwhelmed by the demands put on them. There are many elements that they have to consider to conduct teaching and learning. In addition to issues of classroom instructions, curriculum development, assessment design, differentiated instructions, special education, accountability, learning styles, learning interests, learning motivation, class size, organizational and administrative issues, teachers also need to be culturally sensitive. As much as I like the idea, but at the end of the day, a teacher should be able to be given the freedom of choosing what he or she thinks might be the priorities for his/her own situations. In addition I think we need to design quality, sustainable, inspiring, teacher-friendly teacher education to keep improving their skills in many possible situations, including the ones needed for multicultural education.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"&gt;Towards the last lesson, I feel that it is assumed that teachers can use their commonsense and accept the multicultural approach. However, the opposite situation may take place. What if the teachers are racist themselves, discriminative and narrow-minded? This raises the issue of the importance of teachers’ acceptance of the notion of multicultural education and the importance of it. What can we do if we have a racist teacher? Would they be willing to take part in a multicultural education setting? What if they received it half-heartedly? How should the school leaders or other teachers deal with it?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Finally, I sense the urgency to discuss the misleading perception of religious beliefs as part of multicultural education. There has been a lot of media coverage towards perceived religious conflicts, or clash of civilizations. There have been a lot of a lot of stereotyping, racism and discrimination issues around the media coverage that may affect our perception of other cultures of certain religious groups. I believe, the notion of cross-cultural understanding should include or integrate cross-religion understanding, to be able to make our world a better place to live in.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fall 2006 Reflection&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-7260745203032309817?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/7260745203032309817/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=7260745203032309817' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7260745203032309817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7260745203032309817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2006-reflection-my-takeaway-from.html' title='My Takeaway from the Multicultural Approach in Teaching &amp; Learning Course'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC2CJ8bXqI/AAAAAAAABJ8/QW6l6GNzQaM/s72-c/IMG_1303.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-1698740859527674600</id><published>2010-11-30T07:46:00.005-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T09:16:52.370-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Fall 2006 Reflection'/><title type='text'>The Importance of Multicultural Education</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 53.35pt; tab-stops: 53.35pt;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;“…. and no race possesses the monopoly of beauty, of intelligence, of force. And there is a place for all at the rendezvous of victory”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (Aime Cesaire)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 53.35pt;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC2jCV2xcI/AAAAAAAABKA/6ZQbVfZA6IY/s1600/wayang01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="157" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC2jCV2xcI/AAAAAAAABKA/6ZQbVfZA6IY/s200/wayang01.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;When I was a child my parents used to teach me that the right hand is the good hand, and the left hand is the bad hand. Therefore, I should use my right hand when I do my activities, such as eating, writing, etc. It would be so offensive if I hand something to someone, especially people who are older than me, using my left hand. I challenged this notion when I was in high school, because I felt that it is not fair for the left-handed, who are forced to follow the rules of the more dominant right-handed ones. This is one of the values that I started to question as I grow older when I interact with people from different cultures. I meet more and more people who have different values than me, which makes me questioning my own values in many ways. At the same time, the interaction with other cultures makes me more aware of my own culture.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 53.35pt;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 53.35pt;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;De Gaetano, Williams and Volk (1998) explain that culture is a dynamic total way of life that is socially inherited and learned through social institutions and enacted in unconscious ways. The interaction between a particular culture with other cultures will bring some dynamism in the interaction of all elements of culture, namely the artifacts, the behaviors and the values. As the world is becoming more and more global, where people can travel a lot more easily than ever before, and the transmission of cultural elements is also becoming much easier and more intense, we are entering the phase where cultural interaction happens almost every day and almost at all levels in the society. We are now living in a multicultural world, wherever we are and whatever we do.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 53.35pt;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 53.35pt;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;This has called for the urgent need to build necessary skills in dealing with diversity. These skills are not given, rather they need to be learned and reinforced. I believe that education should play a great role in equipping people, particularly the future leaders of the world, with these skills, so that the interaction between different cultures can be understood in a positive approach, where respect, understanding and tolerance are the keys to integrate the people and cultures harmoniously and peacefully. This is why multicultural education is very important, not only for us, but also the future of the world we live in.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Fall 2006 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-1698740859527674600?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/1698740859527674600/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=1698740859527674600' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1698740859527674600'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1698740859527674600'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/spring-2006-reflection-importance-of.html' title='The Importance of Multicultural Education'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC2jCV2xcI/AAAAAAAABKA/6ZQbVfZA6IY/s72-c/wayang01.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-1958016589605727551</id><published>2010-11-30T07:39:00.005-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T09:32:19.607-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Fall 2006 Reflection'/><title type='text'>My takeaway from Designing Curriculum &amp; Instruction Course</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC3fNB-QDI/AAAAAAAABKI/iY_wrv2fZdE/s1600/IMG_1401.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC3fNB-QDI/AAAAAAAABKI/iY_wrv2fZdE/s320/IMG_1401.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The turn of the 21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;st&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; century has been used as the momentum for many people in many fields to reflect upon the current practices in order to improve them as to meet the demands of the new century. In the field of education, the accountability issue has dominated the education discourse at the beginning of the 21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;st&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; century, particularly in the US. This is reflected in the No Child Left Behind campaign, which encourages the use of strategies that are based on scientifically based research and effective practices.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;It is interesting to notice that the similar movement happened at the beginning of the 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; century, when the scientific movement stated to enter the education reform at that time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bobbitt, for instance, wrote that how the turn of the twentieth century brought the consciousness of the need of change. In his article ‘Scientific Method in Curriculum Making’, Bobbitt advocates for the type of education that emphasizes the specialization on the practical aspects, not just transmitting the knowledge. Interestingly, as the NCLB or many movements towards standards in education at the present time, Bobbitt also puts a big emphasis on the scientific method. The difference is that Bobbitt only focused on the use of scientific method in the identification of skills and performance that are needed to be included into the curriculum; while the current standard movement is more holistic, looking at the use of proven scientific methods in the content, pedagogy, instructions and assessment. The notion of scientific has been one of the major reflections I have had in this semester.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;When we hear the word scientific, what usually comes to mind is the idea of measurability using the quantitative method. The scientific notion is strongly related to hard sciences and reinforced by the advancement of technology. However, when it comes to social sciences or when we look at human beings, the situations are usually a lot more complex. There are many variables that interact and cannot be controlled. They are multidimensional in nature, thus need a closer observation that takes a while to measure the progress. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC3vtXYHfI/AAAAAAAABKM/WvWNvTCpmvw/s1600/IMG_1345.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC3vtXYHfI/AAAAAAAABKM/WvWNvTCpmvw/s320/IMG_1345.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;There are three main components in content of a curriculum, which are knowledge, skills and values. How can we measure all of these elements objectively, using scientific methods?&amp;nbsp; What is scientific? Is it quantitative more scientific than qualitative? Or is qualitative better? Should one way better than the other?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;I would argue that what we need or should do is to clarify the misconception of scientific, which usually refers to the quantitative methodology, and then later to combine both methods in order to better judge whether or not students have met the curriculum objectives. When I read Popham’s article, which raises the issue of clarity and measurability, my immediate response was that overemphasizing in the measurability and clarity issues might distract us. We will be satisfied by measuring partially instead seeing the whole picture. For instance, of the three elements of curriculum, knowledge, skills and values, probably only knowledge and skills that can be measured to some certain extent. However, measuring values cannot be done by answering multiple choice or essay tests. It is a lot more complex than that. Overemphasizing measurability, using the quantitative method, will lead to reductionism; where we only care about some elements of the performance, some snapshots of the whole picture, and use these as the justification for the whole performance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;John Dewey, as cited in Eisner’s article, points out the difference between the application of a standard and the making of a critical judgment. Dewey explains:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;“There are three characteristics of a standard:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;It is a particular physical thing existing under specifiable conditions; it is not a value.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Standards are measures of things, of lengths, weights, and capacities. The things measured are not values.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Standards define things with respect to quantity. To be able to measure quantities is a great aid to further judgments, but it is not a mode of judgment. The standard, being external and public thing, is applied physically.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In addition Eisner then reminds us “not all outcomes of curriculum and instruction are amenable to measurement”. In short Eisner points out that we must not overlook, thus must acknowledge, the types of achievement that cannot be measured. When this happens, in my opinion, then we will be able to see and the comprehensive performance of our learners.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The notion of being objective is actually debatable. In one of the reading from another course that I am taking this semester, I was introduced to the concept of positionality. Anzaldua (as cited in Banks, 1996) and Ellsworth (as cited in Banks, 1996) say that positionality tells us about our position and frame of reference when we present our data, analyses, and instruction. Furthermore, Banks (1996) reveals that “the postmodern and critical theorists argue that despite its claims, modern science is not value-free but contains important human interests and normative assumptions that should be identified, discussed and examined.” Thus, it is necessary for us to clarify the notion of objective in both academic and public arena to generate better policies, better practices and better judgments particularly in the field of education.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC6MOU7yXI/AAAAAAAABKQ/qwJWRgm7SRY/s1600/IMG_0767.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC6MOU7yXI/AAAAAAAABKQ/qwJWRgm7SRY/s320/IMG_0767.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;As I might have mentioned in my previous pause notes and class discussions that the progressive education feels the right way to be implemented for me. The progressive ideas mentioned in Doll Jr’s article, “The four R’s – An alternative to Tyler’s rationale” - are very interesting and have grabbed my attention, and could serve as the model for balancing the traditionally rigid, misleading and partial current scientific movement towards standard. Doll Jr. introduces his version of four R’s, which are richness, recursion, relations and rigor. I particularly like his belief that learning should have the right amount of chaos, dialogue between students and teacher, reflection leading to transformation, contextualizing the learning in multi scales, and Dewey’s concept of “the mental elaboration of an idea.” &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In addition, there is another Dewey’s idea mentioned in this article. In “Need of a Philosophy of Education” Dewey argues that the progressive education needs to be more than anti-traditional, and that progressive education has to have its own fundamental and frame. Dewey says that an alternative is needed to bridge between the received progressive views, which are too romantic, and the established traditional views, which are too rigid. Dewey says:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;“This alternative is not just a middle course or compromise between the two procedures. It is something radically different from either. Existing likes and powers are to be treated as possibilities.” (1934/1964c, p. 8)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Well, I believe, that I will keep looking for the alternative models of education, which was mentioned by Dewey less than 70 years ago. That is my big take away from this course. Embarking for the life journey to search for ways to find alternatives of these two poles in education, the traditional and progressive and/or the quantitative and qualitative, in designing curriculum and instruction, either at classroom level, school level or policy-making level.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Fall 2006 Reflection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-1958016589605727551?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/1958016589605727551/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=1958016589605727551' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1958016589605727551'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1958016589605727551'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/11/my-takeaway-from-designing-curriculum.html' title='My takeaway from Designing Curriculum &amp; Instruction Course'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC3fNB-QDI/AAAAAAAABKI/iY_wrv2fZdE/s72-c/IMG_1401.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-5185076726610265428</id><published>2010-03-11T07:50:00.006-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T09:42:33.783-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='teaching English'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='EFL'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='teaching'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='safe space'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ESL'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Indonesian education'/><title type='text'>A safe learning community: Teaching IELL (Integrated English Language Learning)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC7LsvFcwI/AAAAAAAABKU/ki9MPaepumQ/s1600/IMG_1348.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="150" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC7LsvFcwI/AAAAAAAABKU/ki9MPaepumQ/s200/IMG_1348.JPG" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Many English teachers in Indonesia tend to focus their teaching on grammar and vocabulary accuracy, and tend to direct language learning into test-takings strategies. With this approach, language learning is removed from its authentic setting. In fact, English language learning should never be about passing tests, but rather about mastering skills. It requires constant and consistent effort. Like any other skill, becoming proficient takes time and practice. Therefore, we need to value the process, which is usually quite messy, full of uncertainties, errors, and mistakes. Making mistakes should be seen as part of the process to improve the mastery of the skill, and not to be punished either by gestures (being laughed at), verbal action (condescending words), or even by grades/ranks. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unfortunately, a lot of Indonesian students still feel that English is an intimidating subject. They are afraid to try because they do not want to expose to the whole world the mistakes they make. Exposing mistakes means exposing their weaknesses. They will be on the spot, and will feel as an object to be judged by their classmates, and especially by their teacher, whose judgment will affect their grades, which, to some extent, can determine their future. This usually creates a fearful learning environment and has become a common barrier for many students when they learn English.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC7mrXSbYI/AAAAAAAABKc/0f_g0rkpYak/s1600/IMG_0488.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC7mrXSbYI/AAAAAAAABKc/0f_g0rkpYak/s320/IMG_0488.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Students need to feel safe in language learning. They need to feel safe to take risks. They need to be sure that when they try and produce a lot of errors, they are not being laughed at. Instead, they should feel positive about it, and use it as an opportunity to get better. Moreover, they need to have an internal drive to progress and enjoy their learning process. This is why I decided to address these issues at the beginning of my IELL (Integrated English Language Learning) classes because I wanted to make them feel safe with their learning in my classroom. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My first step was collecting initial data about their language learning experience. Most of them mentioned poor grammar and vocabulary as their main problems in learning English. However, as I had them discuss deeper about this matter, it was clear that the real problem was the pressure of being correct when they produced the language. In other words, they were very afraid of making mistakes. I then asked them to consider their perspective by saying that making mistakes should be seen as a natural way in learning any skill in the world including language learning. I brought their attention to skills such as cooking, playing a guitar, singing a song, and driving. There has never been a case where someone masters a skill perfectly in one shot. Even an expert of a skill still makes mistakes, just like how David Beckham, a free kick specialist in football, could still miss a penalty, a 12-yard free kick. I told them that they should look at babies and small children as their role models in language learning because the infants are never afraid of or tired of trying, experimenting, and learning from mistakes in their language development. This motivational short session proved to pay off for the rest of the semester. They became more of risk-takers as we moved on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Next, I had the students explore their own voice on any possible issue. I often asked them to reflect on the topics we were discussing. The freewriting method really helped in this regard. As students started to push themselves to keep writing for 5-10 minutes, they started to be more relaxed and explore their own thoughts and feelings on any issue they were assigned to write. They started to enjoy this activity as they discovered their true voice. To lift the classic intimidating force in writing, which is having the writing product collected and graded by the teacher, students kept their freewriting in a journal for themselves. Later on many students mentioned that freewriting was one of the most enjoyable and useful method in learning. In addition, students became more confident in writing in English. They saw that they always had something to write even in a foreign language. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC7ulaZMuI/AAAAAAAABKg/8KncQPyheiw/s1600/IMG_0697.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC7ulaZMuI/AAAAAAAABKg/8KncQPyheiw/s320/IMG_0697.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;In a safe learning community, each member needs to feel comfortable in exploring their own learning strengths, weaknesses, needs, interests, and learning strategies. To achieve this goal, I used several sessions in class where students reflected on their experience, discovered their interests, set goals, and created a personal plan to improve their English. At the beginning of the semester, I asked them to write their course expectations in a questionnaire. In the middle of the semester, I had the students respond to reflective questions I designed, and had an individual conference with them to discuss their answers. At the end, I asked them to reflect in their journal the whole process they experienced in IELL classes and their further language-learning plan after the semester was over. To some extent, I can say that this constant and consistent effort has made students explore their intrinsic motivation in learning because they keep reflecting the process they have gone through, and continuously set a personal target for further learning. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another important aspect in creating a safe place was to show students that you care about them and their learning. At the beginning, I used the data that I had collected to get to know the students, such as their hobbies, their favorite books, their family, even their nicknames. When a student was absent, I always welcomed them back in the following lesson. This gave the impression to the students that their presence was important to the teacher and their classmates. When I went through their assignments, I wrote comments as detailed as possible, and later went through the comments in the classroom. Before the mid-term semester, I wrote an email wishing them luck for the tests, and sharing some tips I had on how to face paper-and-pencil tests. Finally, throughout the semester I showed my appreciation about their learning styles and their uniqueness. For instance, when I discovered that most students loved music, I decided to use more songs and had them sing songs in English. Quite often I modified my lesson plans to a sudden burning issue in class. I believe that I have to teach students, not lessons. Students come first, lessons must follow students’ needs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC7cMMdM1I/AAAAAAAABKY/s1EuNPuWwiI/s1600/IMG_1309.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC7cMMdM1I/AAAAAAAABKY/s1EuNPuWwiI/s200/IMG_1309.JPG" width="195" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Finally, I think my emphasis on the process approach in language learning seemed to have helped students to love learning itself. They seemed to enjoy and appreciate each little step forward they made. And when they realized the sum of those little steps toward the end, they were overwhelmed by their own progress. The digital storytelling (movie) project was a good example to describe this. When the class held the movie contest, the students, especially the five finalists, could not believe that they were able to produce such great short movies in about three months, especially knowing that they started from zero knowledge about how to use the moviemaker program. They appreciated those little steps they made, and started to realize that the struggle and hard work in between the start and the final result was part of the ritual they had to go through in order to create a quality product. Towards the end, they seemed to be less anxious and have better strategies to face exams and assignment deadlines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Having a safe space has helped me as a teacher to maximize the most of my students’ potential in learning in the IELL classes. They became less and less afraid to take risks, to explore their own thoughts and feelings, to speak their mind, to try new ideas, and to create quality products. As a teacher I am proud to say that the IELL class participants have indeed come a long way from where they started. Not only their language skills improved and most of their final grades were good, but also they have become more confident, reflective, and better learners. Creating a non-threatening learning environment is indeed very important to get the best out of students.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-5185076726610265428?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/5185076726610265428/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=5185076726610265428' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5185076726610265428'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5185076726610265428'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2010/03/safe-learning-community-teaching-iell.html' title='A safe learning community: Teaching IELL (Integrated English Language Learning)'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC7LsvFcwI/AAAAAAAABKU/ki9MPaepumQ/s72-c/IMG_1348.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-497656418428557655</id><published>2009-12-22T11:31:00.004-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T09:50:24.058-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Education is a process of living, not a preparation for future living</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC-jtbH9yI/AAAAAAAABKk/VsCrHdMXNWE/s1600/IMG_7532.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC-jtbH9yI/AAAAAAAABKk/VsCrHdMXNWE/s320/IMG_7532.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;“Education is a process of living, not a preparation for future living.” --John Dewey.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At first, it gave me some confusion. However, the more I think about it, the more I see his point and the more I agree on this quote. Schools should be a dynamic institution. The dynamism comes from many angles including the interaction of ideas in every day’s classroom. What students need to learn is the realities of how it is now. Nobody knows what the future holds, so it would be unrealistic to prepare them for the "future". What we can do as educators is to help students grasp the BIG IDEAS of the lessons, then enable them to use their ‘understanding’ either for present or future. Students have to live in the present time. In other words, they need to grow and keep growing, building on from one understanding on the big ideas to another.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-497656418428557655?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/497656418428557655/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=497656418428557655' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/497656418428557655'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/497656418428557655'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/12/education-is-process-of-living-not.html' title='Education is a process of living, not a preparation for future living'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC-jtbH9yI/AAAAAAAABKk/VsCrHdMXNWE/s72-c/IMG_7532.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-8150461215765709457</id><published>2009-11-09T20:38:00.007-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T09:52:53.308-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Understanding concepts, not memorizing facts.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC_IJQWpnI/AAAAAAAABKo/wgSm4yAb5t8/s1600/IMG_8208.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC_IJQWpnI/AAAAAAAABKo/wgSm4yAb5t8/s320/IMG_8208.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;In many classrooms, students "cover" lots of facts, vocabulary words, names, dates, and rules. Unfortunately, they also forget much of what they "learn" as they leave that information behind and move on to another topic or lesson. Much of this "memory loss" occurs because they never really understood or saw the purpose of what they learned. Rather than slogging through a swamp of facts, teacher can help his or her students better understand and see utility in an area of study by emphasizing its key concepts and principles. Concepts are the building blocks of meaning (Tomlinson, 2001, p.74).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-8150461215765709457?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/8150461215765709457/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=8150461215765709457' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8150461215765709457'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8150461215765709457'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/11/understanding-concepts-not-memorizing.html' title='Understanding concepts, not memorizing facts.'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRC_IJQWpnI/AAAAAAAABKo/wgSm4yAb5t8/s72-c/IMG_8208.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-8885479547226886111</id><published>2009-11-01T22:33:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-12-21T07:31:10.748-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Schools sow seeds to corruption: Expert</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCc6iUdudI/AAAAAAAABII/0dw4lxnEhWk/s1600/IMG_7692.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="150" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCc6iUdudI/AAAAAAAABII/0dw4lxnEhWk/s200/IMG_7692.JPG" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Schools are supposed to teach anticorruption attitudes to children from an early age, but in reality many of them often become fertile ground for children to learn how to be corrupt, an education expert laments.&lt;br /&gt;"If teachers allow their children to cheat during the exams, they allow their children to learn how to be corrupt," explained noted education expert Mochtar Buchori of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), on Saturday.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Speaking at a seminar organized by the Stella Maris School in Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD) on Saturday, Mochtar said many behavioral traits of both teachers and parents conditioned children in a way that would teach them it was acceptable to be corrupt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He said that many parents forced their children to study in highly touted schools, even if it meant a bribe was in order.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He stressed that fighting corruption was difficult in the country, because so many people had learned that corruption was acceptable during their school years.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mochtar also explained that it was very important for teachers and parents to instill honesty and integrity in children from the very beginning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It is difficult to fight corruption if we take part in creating fertile ground for our children to learn to be corrupt," he stressed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The seminar on the need for education transformation, was organized by the Stella Maris school, which will begin an International Baccalaureate program later this year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mochtar stressed that teaching moral values was not only the task of religious teachers, but of all teachers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He gave an example that a sports teacher should not only teach students how to play sports well, but also how to play with sportsmanship.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It includes how to accept a loss. It is not only in sports, but also in politics and other areas. All teachers must try to instill values in students through their respective lessons," he added.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to Mochtar, one serious weakness of most schools in the country was that they failed in the area of comprehensive values lessons for students.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The majority of schools are simply content if the children have an adequate knowledge of specific lessons. Meanwhile, knowledge is only part of the value system that should be understood by students," he explained, while adding that students should be able to understand and implement their knowledge in a variety of situations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bambang Nurbianto, The Jakarta Post, Jakarta&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Source: The Jakarta Post, March 8, 2005&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-8885479547226886111?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://antikorupsi.org/eng/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=403&amp;Itemid=2' title='Schools sow seeds to corruption: Expert'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/8885479547226886111/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=8885479547226886111' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8885479547226886111'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8885479547226886111'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/11/schools-sow-seeds-to-corruption-expert.html' title='Schools sow seeds to corruption: Expert'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/TRCc6iUdudI/AAAAAAAABII/0dw4lxnEhWk/s72-c/IMG_7692.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-1725916108070055865</id><published>2009-09-17T06:46:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2009-09-18T08:00:15.047-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Ujian Nasional dan Remaja Indonesia</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SrNjTELG9_I/AAAAAAAABG0/PnOU8lp78po/s1600-h/6460_225040340541_858500541_7633126_4883531_n.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SrNjTELG9_I/AAAAAAAABG0/PnOU8lp78po/s320/6460_225040340541_858500541_7633126_4883531_n.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5382755158826874866" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;By: Iwan Syahril&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;“Tiap orang itu berhak punya cita-cita. Biarkan kami mengejarnya!” (Remaja Indonesia, Jalan Remaja 1208: Sekolah Kehidupanku).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ungkapan tersebut menjadi salah satu pesan kuat dari 36 video pendek karya remaja Indonesia yang difasilitasi oleh Yayasan Kampung Halaman dalam memperingati hari remaja internasional 12 Agustus yang lalu. Amat disayangkan, dewasa ini banyak siswa SD hingga SMA harus menghabiskan waktu luang mereka di berbagai tempat les dan bimbingan belajar. Hal ini telah menjadi tren dan bahkan sebuah keharusan jika ingin selamat dalam proses belajar di Indonesia, terutama sejak diluncurkannya kebijakan Ujian Nasional (UN). Di satu sisi, hal ini bisa bernilai positif, karena intensitas belajar seyogyanya dapat menjauhkan para remaja dari hal-hal negatif seperti narkoba dan minuman keras. Namun, apakah benar mereka melalui proses belajar berkualitas yang dapat menggali potensi diri serta mendekatkan pada cita-cita mereka?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Ujian Nasional – Nila Setitik Rusak Susu Sebelanga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kebijakan ujian nasional tidaklah asing dalam sistem pendidikan Indonesia, hanya namanya saja yang berganti, dari ujian negara, evaluasi belajar tahap akhir nasional (EBTANAS), ujian akhir nasional (UAN), dan akhirnya ujian nasional (UN). Ujian standarisasi yang diasumsikan sebagai alat objektif ini bertujuan untuk mengukur dan memetakan kualitas pendidikan nasional, serta menyaring siswa untuk jenjang pendidikan selanjutnya. Yang membedakan UN adalah digunakannya standar minimal nilai ujian sebagai salah satu penentu kelulusan siswa. Jika gagal mencapai nilai minimal di salah satu mata pelajaran yang diujikan, maka siswa tidak lulus sekolah. Ibarat kata pepatah, karena nila setitik rusak susu sebelanga. Hal ini yang menjadi titik utama kontroversi UN dan penyebab stres semua elemen pendidikan, mulai dari murid, guru, orang tua, dan pihak sekolah. Dan hal inilah yang menjadi pemicu menjamurnya les-les dan bimbingan belajar yang ramai didatangi pelajar Indonesia karena dianggap dapat membantu siswa sukses dalam UN.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Dampak UN terhadap Remaja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berbagai kalangan telah menyoroti dampak psikologis UN. Dari riset yang saya lakukan pun, terlihat jelas bahwa UN merupakan momok yang telah membuat tingginya tingkat stres remaja Indonesia dan sering menjadi depresi (Syahril, 2007). Tekanan fisik dan mental ini didapati secara merata, bahkan pada siswa-siswa rangking teratas di kelas/sekolahnya. Terdapat sejumlah kasus dimana siswa juara kelas dan bahkan penerima beasiswa universitas luar negeri pun pernah gagal dalam UN.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk mengatasi tekanan dan kepanikan terhadap UN, biasanya para siswa diberi latihan mengerjakan contoh soal ujian sebanyak-banyaknya baik di sekolah maupun di tempat les dan bimbingan belajar. Setidaknya tahun terakhir di SMP dan SMA dihabiskan untuk latihan intensif UN. Semakin hari tampaknya waktu belajar remaja Indonesia banyak dihabiskan untuk mempersiapkan UN karena nilai standar minimal semakin tinggi setiap tahunnya. Bagi siswa dari keluarga kurang mampu, tekanan akan lebih besar lagi, karena beban dana tambahan yang harus dikeluarkan untuk mengikuti persiapan UN baik di sekolah maupun bimbingan belajar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selain menjadi momok yang menakutkan, UN juga menjauhkan remaja dari potensi dan cita-cita mereka. Waktu untuk mengasah bakat dan kreatifitas terpaksa dihabiskan untuk latihan mengerjakan soal-soal UN. Potensi diri remaja dianggap tidak sepenting UN. Padahal sejak tahun 1980an, dunia pendidikan sudah mengenal berbagai bentuk kecerdasan. Ahli pendidikan dan psikologi Harvard University, Howard Gardner, mengemukakan teori kecerdasan majemuk (multiple intelligences). Ada bentuk kecerdasan linguistik, logika-matematika, visual, musik, kinestetik, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist, dan eksistensial. Semua bentuk kecerdasan ini sama pentingnya, dan telah terbukti dapat membawa kesuksesan. Ujian standarisasi seperti UN hanya menitikberatkan kepada bentuk kecerdasan lingusitik dan logika matematika. Artinya para remaja yang luar biasa jenius di bentuk kecerdasan lainnya akan terpinggirkan. Karena itu, pendidikan nasional yang berkiblat ke UN tidak akan pernah membantu remaja Indonesia menemukan potensi diri untuk menggapai cita-cita mereka yang sesungguhnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebagai contoh, remaja dengan bakat luar biasa di bidang-bidang seperti musik dan seni sering diarahkan sekolah dan orang tua untuk tidak mendalami bakat mereka itu. Bidang tersebut dicap tidak memiliki masa depan yang cerah. Sebuah stigmatisasi yang sangat keliru, karena justru kesuksesan dan kemahsyuran Indonesia di berbagai pentas mancanegara sering datang dari bidang musik dan seni. Akibatnya, remaja pun terjebak dalam skema sekolah hanya untuk memuaskan keinginan orang tua dan sekolah, bukannya menggali apa yang benar-benar mereka inginkan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lebih parah lagi, rasa rendah diri menghinggapi ketika para remaja ini lulus sekolah dengan hasil UN pas-pasan. Mereka dicap tidak cerdas, dan masa depan terasa suram. Lapangan kerja pun sulit ditembus karena sekolah tidak sempat membekali mereka dengan keterampilan yang betul-betul dibutuhkan di dunia kerja. Bisa jadi butuh waktu yang cukup lama untuk dapat memulihkan kepercayaan diri untuk mau menggali potensi diri yang sebenarnya sehingga akhirnya sukses dan bahagia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Terakhir, kita sering mendengar terjadinya praktek-praktek kecurangan dalam pelaksanaan UN yang juga melibatkan oknum guru, sekolah dan unsur pemerintahan. Praktek dan hasil UN seperti ini jelas menimbulkan luka psikologis dan moral. Ditengah-tengah gencarnya upaya penegakan hukum memberantas praktek-praktek KKN di republik ini, sistem pendidikannya, melalui guru, sekolah, dan administratur pendidikan, malah memberi contoh menghalalkan ketidakjujuran! Apa jadinya remaja produk UN yang tidak jujur ini ketika mereka nantinya menjadi pengusaha, pejabat negara, atau anggota DPR/MPR?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Penutup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jika sebagian bentuk kecerdasan saja yang menjadi prioritas, maka sistem pendidikan kita akan menjadi semakin timpang. Beragam potensi remaja Indonesia tidak dapat terasah maksimal, sehingga menghambat kemajuan kita bersama. Karena itu, kebijakan UN dalam format sekarang perlu direvisi. Hal pertama untuk ditinjau ulang adalah penghapusan persyaratan nilai minimal hasil ujian sebagai syarat kelulusan. Selanjutnya perlu ditemukan formula penilaian akhir terhadap performa siswa yang lebih jujur, adil, dan dapat mengakomodasi semua bentuk kecerdasan. Proses dan hasil belajar semestinya mampu membuat siswa dan remaja mengembangkan potensi diri mereka secara maksimal dan membantu mewujudkan cita-cita mereka yang sesungguhnya. Terkuburnya potensi luar biasa remaja kita akan melumpuhkan masa depan bangsa!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-1725916108070055865?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/1725916108070055865/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=1725916108070055865' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1725916108070055865'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1725916108070055865'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/09/ujian-nasional-dan-remaja-indonesia.html' title='Ujian Nasional dan Remaja Indonesia'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SrNjTELG9_I/AAAAAAAABG0/PnOU8lp78po/s72-c/6460_225040340541_858500541_7633126_4883531_n.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-8800965595544963621</id><published>2009-06-13T07:24:00.005-04:00</published><updated>2009-06-14T08:10:39.492-04:00</updated><title type='text'>On Collaboration</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SjOPQWSir0I/AAAAAAAABGk/3239Vn5uTFw/s1600-h/IMG_0179.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SjOPQWSir0I/AAAAAAAABGk/3239Vn5uTFw/s200/IMG_0179.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346774693642940226" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="  white-space: pre-wrap; font-family:'lucida grande';font-size:13px;"&gt;"Collaboration, one of the 21st century skills, is never an easy task, especially when it means shaking a fossilized and comfortable status quo. However, it is ultimately very rewarding and worth pursuing. To make it happen successfully, we need to have people with good long-term visions, persistence, and patience." (Iwan Syahril, June 2009)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-8800965595544963621?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/8800965595544963621/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=8800965595544963621' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8800965595544963621'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8800965595544963621'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/06/on-collaboration.html' title='On Collaboration'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SjOPQWSir0I/AAAAAAAABGk/3239Vn5uTFw/s72-c/IMG_0179.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4323633165955295412</id><published>2009-05-16T07:58:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-31T10:32:53.304-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Schools kill creativity</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sg6rtdhJMqI/AAAAAAAABFo/JRtulDvZN7A/s1600-h/KenRobinson.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sg6rtdhJMqI/AAAAAAAABFo/JRtulDvZN7A/s200/KenRobinson.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336391405986722466" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why don't we get the best out of people? Sir Ken Robinson argues that it's because we've been educated to become good workers, rather than creative thinkers. Students with restless minds and bodies -- far from being cultivated for their energy and curiosity -- are ignored or even stigmatized, with terrible consequences. "We are educating people out of their creativity," Robinson says. It's a message with deep resonance. Robinson's TEDTalk has been distributed widely around the Web since its release in June 2006. Everyone should watch this!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please go to this link: http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity.html&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4323633165955295412?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity.html' title='Schools kill creativity'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4323633165955295412/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4323633165955295412' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4323633165955295412'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4323633165955295412'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/05/schools-kill-creativity.html' title='Schools kill creativity'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sg6rtdhJMqI/AAAAAAAABFo/JRtulDvZN7A/s72-c/KenRobinson.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-1528795141007555380</id><published>2009-05-16T07:45:00.009-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-31T10:32:36.895-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Overview of Creative Thinking and Critical Thinking</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sg6opBDSjII/AAAAAAAABFg/pivpwE9rgDE/s1600-h/rodin20thinker.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 134px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sg6opBDSjII/AAAAAAAABFg/pivpwE9rgDE/s200/rodin20thinker.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336388031090953346" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;This is taken from the handout of the Creative and Critical Thinking course I attended a while ago. If I'm not mistaken it is taken from Edward de Bono's book. The comparison is an eye-opener for me&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Overview of Creative and Critical Thinking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Creative Thinking&lt;/span&gt; puts things together; it synthesizes. &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Logical Thinking&lt;/span&gt; analyzes things, takes them apart.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Creative Thinking&lt;/span&gt; generates new ideas. &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Logical Thinking&lt;/span&gt; develops and evaluates previously formulated ideas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Creative Thinking&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; explores many alternatives; it is unconcerned with being correct every step of the way. &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Logical Thinking&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; focuses on finding an answer and being correct at each step.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Creative Thinking&lt;/span&gt; is inclusive, admitting all ideas no matter how trivial or outrageous they may seem. &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Logical Thinking&lt;/span&gt; is selective screening out and eliminating unpromising possibilities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Creative Thinking&lt;/span&gt; is random. It moves backward as well as forward, in circles as well as in straight lines; it permits jumps beyond the next step in a logical sequence. &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Logical Thinking&lt;/span&gt; is linear and sequential. It moves from point to point in a straight line, allowing no skips or gaps.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Creative Thinking&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; forestalls judgment; it deliberately delays critical evaluation. &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Logical Thinking&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; encourages making judgments; it assesses whether an idea or piece of evidence is valid.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Creative Thinking&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; is questioning, tentative, provisional. It adds the hypothetical, the "What if?" to logical thinking's "How?" &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Logical Thinking&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; deals with "How?" and is more assertive, confident, sure of itself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Creative Thinking&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; asks "Why?" to stimulate further thoughts. &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Logical Thinking&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; asks "Why?" to answer a question or proposes a solution to a problem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Creative Thinking&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; encourages humor and fluidity; it is unsystematic and flexible. &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Logical Thinking&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; prizes seriousness and rigor; it is systematic and methodical.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-1528795141007555380?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity.html' title='Overview of Creative Thinking and Critical Thinking'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/1528795141007555380/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=1528795141007555380' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1528795141007555380'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1528795141007555380'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/05/this-is-taken-from-handout-of-creative.html' title='Overview of Creative Thinking and Critical Thinking'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sg6opBDSjII/AAAAAAAABFg/pivpwE9rgDE/s72-c/rodin20thinker.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-3941138976648775949</id><published>2009-05-13T10:06:00.004-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-13T10:14:17.529-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Kapal Republik Indonesia</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SgrVcIYYVwI/AAAAAAAABFQ/qbsUl_GPbFI/s1600-h/anak_indonesia_by_dicka_v08.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SgrVcIYYVwI/AAAAAAAABFQ/qbsUl_GPbFI/s320/anak_indonesia_by_dicka_v08.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335311387836569346" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebuah kapal besar bernama "Republik Indonesia." &lt;br /&gt;Akan kemana tujuannya hendak berlayar?&lt;br /&gt;Jernihkan niat.&lt;br /&gt;Tentukan haluan.&lt;br /&gt;Bulatkan tekad.&lt;br /&gt;Giatkan kerja.&lt;br /&gt;Didiklah semua anak bangsa. &lt;br /&gt;Percayakan kaum muda. &lt;br /&gt;Tunjukkan hasil kerja nyata pada dunia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;(Sebuah renungan Pemilu 2009)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-3941138976648775949?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/3941138976648775949/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=3941138976648775949' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3941138976648775949'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3941138976648775949'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/05/kapal-republik-indonesia.html' title='Kapal Republik Indonesia'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SgrVcIYYVwI/AAAAAAAABFQ/qbsUl_GPbFI/s72-c/anak_indonesia_by_dicka_v08.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-2693163346626938844</id><published>2009-05-06T07:03:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2009-05-06T07:10:16.167-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Malam Bertaburan Emas di Warsawa</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SgFwE4BMjOI/AAAAAAAABEw/ywLbMQ32ve0/s1600-h/IMG_1297.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SgFwE4BMjOI/AAAAAAAABEw/ywLbMQ32ve0/s200/IMG_1297.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332666662842567906" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Untuk kesekian kalinya, sebuah pencapaian yang luar biasa dari anak-anak Indonesia, yang membuktikan potensi luar biasa yang kita punya. Semoga tidak tersia-siakan nantinya. Salam Pendidikan, Iwan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sumber: http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=2011751&amp;id=1182368673&amp;ref=share&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MALAM itu, Rabu 24 April, anak-anak pelajar yang baru saja menjulangkan nama Indonesia di kalangan elit sains dunia, saya undang untuk syukuran bersama masyarakat Indonesia di Polandia. Mereka adalah ilmuwan remaja kita yang memenangkan perolehan medali emas terbanyak, mengalahkan raksasa sains seperti Jerman, Belanda, AS, Rusia, Hongaria, Polandia, Brazil, bahkanTurki, pada International Conference of Young Scientists (ICYS) ke-16 yang berlangsung di Pszczyna, Polandia pekan lalu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selama 4 hari, 24-28 April 2009, 12 siswa SMP dan SMA dari Surabaya, Tangerang, Magelang dan Jakarta bertarung mempertahankan 10 hasil penelitian mereka di bidang fisika, matematika, informatika, dan lingkungan hidup. Hasilnya: juara umum. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalam perjawaraan sains pada tingkat belia Indonesia menggondol medali terbanyak 6 emas, 1 medali perak, 3 medali perunggu, unggul jauh dari Jerman (3,4,2), Belanda (3,1,2), Amerika Serikat (3,0,0), Rusia (2,3,3), Hongaria (2,2,2), Polandia (2,2,1) Belarus (1,1,0), Georgia (0,3,2), Ukraina (0,1,2), Ceko (0,0,2), dan Kroasia (0,0,1). Peserta lain, Turki dan Brazil pulang dengan tangan hampa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saya dan masyarakat Indonesia di Polandia malam itu tersanjung karena kegigihan mereka, dan keberhasilan mengerek bendera Merah Putih di tempat tertinggi. Team leader Ibu Monika Raharti, yang ditugasi Prof Yohanes Surya untuk memimpin delegasi ke Polandia, tidak urung berlinang-linang bahagia. Padahal, katanya siswa-siswa kita berlatih sendiri, dengan fasilitas sekolah yang minim, tanpa laboratorium yang canggih seperti dimiliki Jepang, Jerman, bahkan Amerika Serikat. ”Dulu saya khawatir, mampukah anak-anak didik kita bersaing dengan dunia?”, tanyanya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Malam itu menjawab semua obsesi Ibu Monika Raharti. Dan ibu-ibu dari keluarga Indonesia tidak bosan-bosannya menciumi anak-anak yang polos itu, dan mengajak berfoto dengan sang Juara Dunia!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saya ingat betul, pada hari Jumat (24/4) saya sangat khawatir terlambat menghadiri acara pembukaan. Saya bilang kepada isteri yang setia menemani perjalanan darat, percuma saja jika kita terlambat tiba di Pszczyna yang jaraknya sekitar 350 kilometer dari Warsawa. Mobil dikebut dengan kecepatan 180 km/jam, hampir maksimal! Karena kami tertahan dipinggir kota, rush hour dan weekend pula! Setelah lolos dari jepitan kemacetan, dalam 2 setengah jam kami pun tiba di Istana Pszczyna. Anak-anak sudah tiba 5 menit lebih awal, dan mulai masuk ke aula tempat acara pembukaan. Alhamdulillah, kami tiba tepat waktu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saya diundang panitia untuk pidato, mewakili Indonesia. Sesuai info dari Ibu Monika, maka saya pun menyampaikan undangan bagi peneliti dari seluruh dunia untuk ambil bagian dalam pertemuan ICYS ke-17 yang akan dilangsungkan di Bali pada bulan April 2010. Tahun depan, Indonesia akan menjadi negara Asia yang pertama dipercaya menjadi tuan rumah sejak ICYS diselenggarakan pada tahun 1994.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di kota yang indah itu, anak-anak Indonesia mempertahankan 10 makalah ilmiah mereka di depan juri internasional, dalam bahasa Inggeris. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hasilnya: 3 medali emas di bidang lingkungan hidup yang disumbangkan oleh (1) Jessica Karli dan Yosephine Livia Pratiknyo (2) oleh Gabriella Alicia Kosasih dan Teresa Maria Karina (3) oleh Vincentius Gunawan dan Fernanda Novelia. Disusul: 2 medali emas dari fisika sumbangan (1) Idelia Chandra dan Christopher Alexander Sanjaya (2) oleh Guinandra Lutfan Jatikusumo dari SMA Taruna Nusantara Magelang, dan 1 emas dari ilmu komputer sumbangan Nugra Akbari. Harap catat, Fernanda Novelia dan Vincentius Gunawan masih duduk di SMP. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Indonesia meraih 1 perak sumbangan Dwiky Rendra Graha Subekti dari dan 3 perunggu, sumbangan (1) Lydia Felita Limbri dan Allen Michelle Wihono (2) oleh Melissa Nadia Natasha dan Terrenz Kelly Tjong dan 1 perunggu di bidang ilmu matematika sumbangan I Made Rayo Putra Indrawan dan Andika Setia Budi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;”Setua ini saya belum pernah menyumbang satu medali pun kepada Republik”, kata saya. ”Jadi, anak-anak kita ini manusia luar biasa jasanya kepada bangsa dan negara”, kata saya ketika menyampaikan sambutan pada acara syukuran di Warsawa. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;”Saya kira, sewajarnya jika manusia unggul Indonesia ini juga diterima oleh Presiden di Istana Negara setiba di tanah air”, doa saya yang diaminkan oleh seluruh masyarakat yang hadir, dan tepukan pun membahana. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dan, anak-anak kita itu pun memulai acara gembira menikmati suguhan isteri saya. Di Pszczyina, isteri saya Ade telah berjanji kepada mereka untuk menyediakan makanan kegemaran mereka di Warsawa, setelah pertandingan sebelum kembali ke tanah air: lontong sate, bakso, soto rawon, dan berbagai jajanan pasar pun mengikhlaskan dirinya menjadi santapan anak-anak kita itu dan para undangan. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di Warsawa, mereka menari-nari, menyanyikan lagu-lagu perjuangan, dan menuliskan kata-kata tulus di Buku Tamu, dan dihiasi pula dengan gambar-gambar lucu-lucu. Hari itu, Wisma Duta pun menjadi milik anak-anak kita itu. Mereka, mengenakan semua medali yang diperoleh dari pertandingan sains pada acara yang berlanjut sampai tengah malam itu, menjadi tamu-tamu terhormat saya dan isteri. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Warsawa, 3 Mei 2009&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-2693163346626938844?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=2011751&amp;id=1182368673&amp;ref=share' title='Malam Bertaburan Emas di Warsawa'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/2693163346626938844/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=2693163346626938844' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/2693163346626938844'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/2693163346626938844'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/05/malam-bertaburan-emas-di-warsawa.html' title='Malam Bertaburan Emas di Warsawa'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SgFwE4BMjOI/AAAAAAAABEw/ywLbMQ32ve0/s72-c/IMG_1297.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-3171973383999597453</id><published>2009-04-26T15:24:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2009-04-26T15:39:43.676-04:00</updated><title type='text'>About social imagination</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SfS4eu8ZMFI/AAAAAAAABEg/60vsetKrZhU/s1600-h/images.jpeg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 150px; height: 103px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SfS4eu8ZMFI/AAAAAAAABEg/60vsetKrZhU/s400/images.jpeg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329087097223065682" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Social imagination...is nevertheless a necessary ingredient in social intelligence. imagining how events could be otherwise than they are is a hallmark of freedom and power of human beings. Making social imagination work involves us in new concepts and principles, in new ways of using our minds to grasp complexities we do not yet comprehend. Thinking this way helps us construct new social realities both globally and locally. Social imagination is not merely for the sake of academic knowing; it must include our feelings, and it must include our acting. Thinking and feeling and acting can be integrated. And when this integration flourishes, we remake ourselves and our world."&lt;br /&gt;-D. Bob Gowin, Professor of Foundations of Education, Cornell University&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-3171973383999597453?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/3171973383999597453/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=3171973383999597453' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3171973383999597453'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3171973383999597453'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/04/about-social-imagination.html' title='About social imagination'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SfS4eu8ZMFI/AAAAAAAABEg/60vsetKrZhU/s72-c/images.jpeg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-7116390618836628734</id><published>2009-04-24T20:36:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2009-04-24T20:40:23.825-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Questions on CHEATING.</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SfJb6_BlCPI/AAAAAAAABD8/gLoBrXvUufg/s1600-h/IMG_0433.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 240px; height: 320px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SfJb6_BlCPI/AAAAAAAABD8/gLoBrXvUufg/s320/IMG_0433.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328422378041313522" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Do we know that cheating happens in our schools? Has cheating become a common practice? Do we facilitate students to cheat? Do we allow students to cheat? Do we encourage students to cheat? What is cheating? Can cheating help? Who gets helped by cheating? If we allow cheating, would that mean that we agree with cheating, or not? Are we safe by cheating? What happens when we encourage students to cheat in our educational system? Do we realize that we can facilitate, encourage, and allow students to cheat? Do we set enough role models for our kids to be honest? Do we reward honesty? What are the possible ways to avoid, discourage, eliminate cheating? Are there any of those ways that we can possible implement in our settings? Are cheating rewarded directly or indirectly? Are cheaters rewarded? Are cheaters proud to have cheated? Have you ever cheated? How often do you cheat? Does the educational system make directly or indirectly students to cheat?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is cheating thinking? Do cheaters apply thinking skills? What kind of thinking strategies that a cheater applies? If a student cheats, does that mean that the students do not think or stop thinking? What happens to the thinking skills of people who usually cheat? Can a society get better by cheating? Can cheating advance a civilization? Can we develop our community, our country by cheating? Have we built the foundation of our society on cheating? Do cheaters get rewarded in our society? Is cheating necessary? If so, what is the limit – If not, why so? Are there any moral or cultural values that encourage people to cheat, or reward cheaters positively?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-7116390618836628734?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/7116390618836628734/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=7116390618836628734' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7116390618836628734'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7116390618836628734'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/04/questions-on-cheating.html' title='Questions on CHEATING.'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SfJb6_BlCPI/AAAAAAAABD8/gLoBrXvUufg/s72-c/IMG_0433.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-8845376817388470744</id><published>2009-04-04T22:30:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2009-04-04T22:35:41.273-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Imagining and Re-imagining the World</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgY-KNp8tI/AAAAAAAABDs/yz_ui48xmzk/s1600-h/world-in-hands.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgY-KNp8tI/AAAAAAAABDs/yz_ui48xmzk/s320/world-in-hands.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321030415910826706" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Five key points:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;1. What we imagine is influenced by our identities, values, and experiences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Imagining for a better world should start by challenging our prejudices and develop the capacity for empathy. In fact, challenging our prejudices and having the capacity for empathy are two keys for quality social imagination. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Having better understanding will lead to better imagination and engagement in solving global issues.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Social change for a better world starts from each individual making the effort to be a better person within his/her own context.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. It is a lifelong process as we should make constant improvement on understanding others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-8845376817388470744?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/8845376817388470744/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=8845376817388470744' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8845376817388470744'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8845376817388470744'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/04/imagining-and-re-imagining-world.html' title='Imagining and Re-imagining the World'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgY-KNp8tI/AAAAAAAABDs/yz_ui48xmzk/s72-c/world-in-hands.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-3104518239850020723</id><published>2009-04-04T22:17:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2009-04-04T22:22:18.198-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Our identities</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgV1ql64rI/AAAAAAAABDk/eKGLOvTldss/s1600-h/tukul_tukulmanreturns.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 232px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgV1ql64rI/AAAAAAAABDk/eKGLOvTldss/s320/tukul_tukulmanreturns.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321026971448828594" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; We adopt multiple identities, despite having some that are stronger than others. It is not easy to narrow a person into just one identity, one single picture. I believe that the way we define ourselves has a great influence in the way we see our world. On the other hand, sometimes our core identities may dominate how we view others, and how we see the world. Now, I have further reflective questions. In what ways are those identities similar or different than the ones of your parents? Why so? &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;One thing for sure is that humans are complex beings, and things never stay the same. Imagine our parents’ generation, let’s say 50 years ago. How was the world like at that time? How different it is than the world today? And guess what? The same thing will apply to our children. Their future world is far different than now or than what we can imagine. This even more true when you believe that our world is now changing at a dizzying rate. Ten years ago cell phones were not very common, but now even children have their own cell phones. Ten years ago, emailing was still a luxury, but now it part of our daily life. Even we can email from our cell phones. Imagine what it would feel if cell phones and internet connection were eliminated from our lives now. And ten years from now, I believe that what we have now will be seen as an old and inefficient technology. This new development affects how our identities are shaped. Thus, our children will also adopt new identities, perhaps quite different than ours now. One thing for sure, they will be living in a different kind of world.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-3104518239850020723?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/3104518239850020723/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=3104518239850020723' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3104518239850020723'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3104518239850020723'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/04/our-identities.html' title='Our identities'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgV1ql64rI/AAAAAAAABDk/eKGLOvTldss/s72-c/tukul_tukulmanreturns.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-5084901694118551477</id><published>2009-04-04T22:06:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2009-04-04T22:11:12.593-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Curriculum Design: Teaching for Understanding</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgTOLnDFwI/AAAAAAAABDc/Lt3NECQt3Ss/s1600-h/sunset_basco_batanes_1139552_o.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgTOLnDFwI/AAAAAAAABDc/Lt3NECQt3Ss/s320/sunset_basco_batanes_1139552_o.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321024094093907714" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As designers of students’ learning experience and assessment, teachers should first ask about what the desired learning results look like (Wiggins &amp; McTighe, 2005). This addresses the fundamental question about what students need to know, understand, and be able to do. Second, teachers should “think like an assessor” (p.18). This means that teachers need to think about what types of evidence that are valid to prove that students have the knowledge, understanding, and skills that they are supposed to master. And finally, teachers can start planning the relevant instructional activities based in what has been decided on the desired learning results and types of assessment. Thus, the teaching methods, sequence of lessons, and resource materials that we choose should be able to help learners to meet learning expectations through the previously-decided forms of assessment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition, Wiggins and McTighe (2005) also advocate the importance on teaching for understanding. They argue that understanding goes beyond having the knowledge and skills because it requires more: “the ability to thoughtfully and actively ‘do’ the work with discernment, as well as the ability to self-assess, justify, and critique ‘such doings’” (page xxxx) Having an understanding enables us to see a pattern that can be transferred in many different contexts. Wiggins and McTighe suggest that a teacher should not focus on covering the material, rather uncovering students’ potential misunderstandings, questions, assumptions, issues, gray areas, and the core ideas of a subject. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Furthermore, Wiggins and McTighe (2005) argue that having understanding means that one can deal with ambiguous realities, use and apply what they know thoughtfully and effectively in a variety of settings. This means that we need to provide various forms of assessment as evidence of real understanding. There are six facets of understanding proposed by Wiggins and McTighe, which includes the ability to explain, interpret, apply, have perspective, empathize, and have self-knowledge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For instance, perspective is defined by Wiggins and McTighe (2005) as having “critical and insightful points of view” (p.95). Students will be asked to look into the unchallenged arguments. While empathy is defined as “the ability to get inside another person’s feelings and worldview” (p.98). Wiggins and McTighe believe that understanding people from other cultures requires empathy. (relate this with lietaure about globalization, critical empathy) It is different from perspective because it has more warm engagement, while perspective is more detached. The last facet, self-knowledge, is defined as “the wisdom to know one’s ignorance and how one’s patterns of thought and action inform as well as prejudice understanding” (p.100). Wiggins and McTighe suggest that understanding oneself will lead to understanding the world. Thus, it is important to also know what we don’t understand. This requires continuous and honest self-reflection to question how our identities shape our views and understandings about others.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These facets of understanding can be used as a framework for assessment. Some further explanations and examples are given by Wiggins and McTighe (2005). Perspective facet can be seen when students are able to critique or justify a position, or when they can see biased or ideological arguments. Empathy can be proved when students demonstrate the ability to feel and appreciate another’s point of view, to see that insightful ideas can sometimes be flawed, and watch and listen sensitively and to perceive what others do not. And self-knowledge facet can be seen when students recognize his or her own prejudice, go beyond egocentrism, ethnocentrism, and present-centeredness, or when they can accept feedback and criticism without defensiveness&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Source: Wiggins, G., &amp; McTighe, J.. (2005). &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Understanding by design&lt;/span&gt;. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-5084901694118551477?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/5084901694118551477/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=5084901694118551477' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5084901694118551477'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5084901694118551477'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/04/curriculum-design-teaching-for.html' title='Curriculum Design: Teaching for Understanding'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgTOLnDFwI/AAAAAAAABDc/Lt3NECQt3Ss/s72-c/sunset_basco_batanes_1139552_o.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-5191742131394791944</id><published>2009-04-04T21:54:00.006-04:00</published><updated>2009-04-04T22:02:08.600-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Technology, stereotypes/prejudices/racism, and teacher learning</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgQE2lqkoI/AAAAAAAABDU/GbY190Ky0yo/s1600-h/bigstockphoto_Man_Meditation_1203669.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 240px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgQE2lqkoI/AAAAAAAABDU/GbY190Ky0yo/s320/bigstockphoto_Man_Meditation_1203669.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321020635297256066" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Technology can foster and reinforce stereotypes, prejudices, and racism. Media images and representations are often packaged according to the expectations of their target audience in a social setting (Shaules, 2007). Such technologies may bring about some cultural experiences but they can be very shallow, and may confirm the prejudices that are already attributed to the particular ethnic group.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Furthermore, people nowadays have more freedom and power to choose which media they want to follow. This decision on which media to watch or listen or which online communities to join with is usually based on their values and beliefs, thus minimizes the intercultural contact.  Just recently a New York Times columnist, Nicholas D. Kristof, addressed this issue and wrote, “&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;…there’s pretty good evidence that we generally don’t truly want good information — but rather information that confirms our prejudices. We may believe intellectually in the clash of opinions, but in practice we like to embed ourselves in the reassuring womb of an echo chamber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;”  (New York Times, March 18, 2009). Therefore, technology can also foster isolation because people avoid meaningful and deep interactions.  What we should encourage to happen is to have interactions that foster better intercultural understanding, challenge stereotypes and prejudices, and develop empathy for people who appear different than them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus, to prepare 21st century students, schools need to address how to overcome prejudices, stereotypes, and racism. The future of our global world is dependent on how we start dialogues and discuss these issues critically and constructively in our classrooms. Nieto (2004) reminds us that schools and curriculum in the US have a history of racism and discrimination, and many teachers are the products of this experience. Thus, it is important that teachers are also involved in the deconstruction of the false generalizations about certain groups and/or cultures that look different that the majority or the mainstream ones. Therefore, in my opinion a professional development course needs to be provided for teachers to address the issues around stereotypes, prejudices, and racism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teachers need to be aware of this and equip themselves with the necessary knowledge, skills, and values to incorporate intercultural understanding in their curriculum. The first thing that they have to do is to reflect on their own biases, prejudices, and stereotypes that have been conceived within their cultural settings. By providing quality learning opportunities for teachers in this area, we can be sure that such experience will influence curriculum design and classroom instructions particularly in preparing students to have the necessary values, skills, and understandings in dealing with globalized 21st century challenges successfully.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Citations:&lt;br /&gt;Nieto, S. (2004). Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. New York: Pearson.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shaules, J. (2007). Deep Culture: The hidden challenges of global living. Buffalo, NY: Multilingual Matters.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-5191742131394791944?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/5191742131394791944/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=5191742131394791944' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5191742131394791944'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5191742131394791944'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/04/technology-stereotypesprejudicesracism.html' title='Technology, stereotypes/prejudices/racism, and teacher learning'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgQE2lqkoI/AAAAAAAABDU/GbY190Ky0yo/s72-c/bigstockphoto_Man_Meditation_1203669.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-1701997384830137147</id><published>2009-04-04T20:58:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2009-04-04T21:44:09.861-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Globalization and intercultural understanding</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgM5SYAXFI/AAAAAAAABDM/Oi6jLKa0f50/s1600-h/balinese-dancer.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 160px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgM5SYAXFI/AAAAAAAABDM/Oi6jLKa0f50/s200/balinese-dancer.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321017138062842962" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The advancement of information and communication technology has transformed our world in many ways. An event in a far away place can be known within minutes or even seconds in another place. Many kinds of information are accessible through the medium of the World Wide Web at a very low cost (Spariosu, 2004). It is also a lot easier to interact; in fact, Internet technology has connected millions of people all over the world, either through email, websites, blogs, or more recently social networking sites such as MySpace, Facebook, and YouTube. This is, of course, in addition to more conventional information and communication technologies such as telephones, televisions, and radios. Dalin and Rust (1996) describe that we live in an “instantaneous, twenty-four hour information world” in which we are “bombarded by information.” This influx of information can have a diversified impact on our day-to-day life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Globalization has indeed brought diversity to our living room. It is safe to assume that the interaction between world cultures has gotten more and more frequent than ever before. Apart from various cultural programs on television, people can visit many cultural websites online with just a few mouse clicks. These venues have enabled people to get to know world cultures. On the other hand, the world community also shares many similar experiences. For instance, television programs such as American Idol, Who Wants to be a Millionaire, and Dancing with the Stars are being played and replicated in different parts of the world. In short, this shared experience has created a sense of shared identity amongst people who live in various parts of the world (Anderson, 1991). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moreover, globalization has also increased the number of people physically crossing national and cultural boundaries. Scott (2003) reports that nearly 700 million people visit a foreign country every year, and the number of people who live abroad for a long time has also gone up. By having a direct contact, people can learn how different cultures work. Hence, it is often assumed that this brings a deeper cross-cultural understanding between nations. In other words, by intensifying intercultural contact we could predict that globalization has built deeper and more meaningful understandings between cultures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, Shaules (2007) reminds us of the danger in associating intercultural contact with intercultural adaptation. He argues that intercultural contact does not always raise awareness or tolerance. Instead of having more harmonious relationships, more contact can lead to “vicious misunderstanding and aggression” (p.14). He gives examples of the Palestinians and Israelis, the Singhalese and Tamilians in Sri Lanka, the Indians and the Pakistanis or the Ethiopians and Eritreans. Even with good intentions, intercultural relations can continue to exist at a superficial level. Shaules says that our deep cultural elements – unconscious meanings, values, norms, and hidden assumptions – affect what we perceive as reasonable and unreasonable. Instead of eliminating stereotypes, international and intercultural experiences may reinforce them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Citations:&lt;br /&gt;Anderson, B. O’G.. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York: Verso.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalin, P., &amp; Rust, D. V. (1996). Towards schooling for the twenty-first century. London: Cassel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Klein, G. (1990). Reading into racism: Bias in children literature and learning materials. London: Routledge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shaules, J. (2007). Deep Culture: The hidden challenges of global living. Buffalo, NY: Multilingual Matters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Spariosu, M. I. (2004). Global intelligence and human development: Toward an ecology of global learning. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-1701997384830137147?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/1701997384830137147/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=1701997384830137147' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1701997384830137147'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1701997384830137147'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/04/globalization-and-intercultural.html' title='Globalization and intercultural understanding'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SdgM5SYAXFI/AAAAAAAABDM/Oi6jLKa0f50/s72-c/balinese-dancer.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-6176711857446461471</id><published>2009-04-04T20:36:00.006-04:00</published><updated>2009-04-04T20:50:13.759-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Misconceptions about Islam</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sdf_R84i9uI/AAAAAAAABDE/z9Fq1D5abYA/s1600-h/tajmahalbyamalmongiaui2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sdf_R84i9uI/AAAAAAAABDE/z9Fq1D5abYA/s200/tajmahalbyamalmongiaui2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321002168627689186" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Contrary to the common stereotype, Muslims do not always associate with Arabs. In fact, 85 percent of the 1.2 billion world Muslims are non-Arabs. Muslims also play as significant minorities in a number of countries. It is the second largest religion in French, the third largest in Germany and Great Britain. 10% of the population in Russian Federation and about 3% population in China are Muslims (Gregorian, 2003). In addition, there are also non-Muslim Arabs, such as Christian Arabs and Arab Jews. Thus, Muslims or Arabs are not a monolithic block. There is a great deal of nuanced and diversity within Muslim communities, therefore, simplifications and generalizations will lead to a misunderstanding about Islam and Muslims.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abukhattala (2004) discusses how the stereotypical images of Muslims and Islam, which focuses on backwardness, terrorism, and polygamy, are formed. He believes formal education, mainly through textbooks, usually promotes negative images about Islam and Muslims. For instance, Islam is portrayed as a primitive and oppressive religion that treats women very badly. Abukhattala is convinced that there are a lot of distorted, narrow, parochial, and Western-oriented representations about Islam and Muslims in school textbooks. He suggests that classroom teachers and textbook authors should receive more training about Islam to be able to challenge the one-sided and misleading claims about the second largest religion in the world.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The imposition of backwardness to Islam is really groundless because Islam does not reject technology and modernity (Abukattala, 2004; Gregorian, 2003). Gregorian (2003) argues that “Islamic civilization was essentially human civilization – one that like prior Greek and Roman civilizations - embraced and thrived on all human achievement” (p.26). He suggests that during the peak of Islamic civilization, between the 8th and 13th century, the Muslim world was the center of world’s science, technology, medicine, philosophy, art, and education. The Muslim scholars revived the classic works of Greek philosophers. They invented and developed algebra, introduced the notion of zero in numerical system, invented sociology, and wrote an encyclopedia of philosophy (Abukattala, 2004).  Abukhattala believes that human development and achievement during Islamic civilization helped the birth of European Renaissance. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another common stereotype of Islam and Muslims is its association to terrorism and violence. The image Muslims and/or Arabs are terrorists are mainly originated in media coverage on the Middle Eastern conflicts and movies (Abukhattala, 2004). In her research about how Islam is represented in contemporary films, Steinberg (2004) concludes that the Islamic characters in Hollywood movies are depicted and placed “somewhere between human and animal” (p.178). She believes that Hollywood curriculum is not neutral. It is deliberately constructed based on the stereotypes and prejudices of the Muslims and Arabs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition, the association with terrorism and violence is usually related to the Islamic concept of jihad, which is very often mistakenly referred to as “the holy war.” Abukhattala (2004) explains that the word for “war” in Arabic is kital or harb. Jihad itself means “struggling or striving and applies it to any effort exerted by anyone…. The greater jihad is the ongoing struggle within one’s own soul to be a better person” (p.159). Thus, the narrow and misleading view of jihad, as irrational and fanatic violent acts in the name of religion, seems to strengthen the image of Islam as a warlike faith.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is interesting to notice that most terrorist events usually happen outside the Middle Eastern region. For instance, based on the statistical data on “Total International Terrorist Attacks” from the US Department of State (2009), between 1998 until 2001, only less than 11% of terrorist attacks happened in the Middle East. This means that most terrorist attacks took place outside the Arab world, which was dominated by Latin America region. For instance, 40.5% terrorist attacks happened in Latin America in 1998, 31% in 1999, 45% in 2000, and 56.6% in 2001. There were more terrorist events in Western Europe in 1998, 1999, and 2000 than the ones taking place in the Middle East. Yet, it is a lot easier to find the representations of Islamic or Arab extremists as terrorists in movies or media coverage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Besides backwardness and terrorism, another common stereotype of Islam is oppressed women. Abukhattala (2004) suggests there is an image that is encouraged in the West that in Islam women are inferior to men. They are objects of oppression. Skalli (2004) says that there is a great influence of colonialist perspective in how the West sees Muslim women. She concludes that the West’s analysis about women in Islam is centered on two observed practices, which are veiling and seclusion. The West, she argues, sees this as a justification how women are oppressed in Islam, and how patriarchal dominance and gender discrimination are the core values of Islam. Thus, deveiling and desegregation between Muslim men and women in public spaces are seen as the way to modernize the Islamic world. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aslan (2005) insists that the Quran does not require Muslim women to observe veiling or hijab. The verses related to veiling are written in the context of Muhammad’s wives, and no other women in the Muslim community during Muhammad’s lifetime observed hijab. Moreover, he explains that the practice of veiling and seclusion had already existed long before Muhammad was born. In fact, veiling was a symbol of social status, a tradition for upper class women from Iran and Syria. Aslan believes that the debate whether or not hijab was compulsory for Muslim women happened long after Muhammad’s death. In fact, it is still the subject of debate among current Muslim scholars from many Islamic legal traditions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Citations:&lt;br /&gt;Abukhattala, I.. (2004). The new bogeyman under the bed: Image formation of Islam in the Western school curriculum and media. In J. K. Kincheloe, &amp; S. R. Steinberg (Eds.), &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;The miseducation of the West: How schools and the media distort our understanding of the Islamic world&lt;/span&gt; (pp. 153-170). Westport, CT: Praeger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aslan, R. (2005). &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;No god but God: The origins, evolution, and future of Islam&lt;/span&gt;. New York: Random House.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kellner, D.. (2004). September 11, teror war, and blowback . In J. K. Kincheloe, &amp; S. R. Steinberg (Eds.). &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;The miseducation of the West: How schools and the media distort our understanding of the Islamic world&lt;/span&gt; (pp.25-42). Westport, CT: Praeger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kincheloe, J. K.. (2004). Introduction. In J. K. Kincheloe, &amp; S. R. Steinberg (Eds.).&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt; The miseducation of the West: How schools and the media distort our understanding of the Islamic world&lt;/span&gt; (pp. 1-24). Westport, CT: Praeger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Skalli, L. (2004). Loving Muslim women with a vengeance: The West, women, and fundamentalism. In J. K. Kincheloe, &amp; S. R. Steinberg (Eds.). &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;The miseducation of the West: How schools and the media distort our understanding of the Islamic world &lt;/span&gt;(pp. 43-58). Westport, CT: Praeger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;US Department of State. Total International Terrorist Attacks by Region, retrieved March 27, 2009 from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/33889.pdf&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-6176711857446461471?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/6176711857446461471/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=6176711857446461471' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6176711857446461471'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6176711857446461471'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/04/misconceptions-about-islam.html' title='Misconceptions about Islam'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sdf_R84i9uI/AAAAAAAABDE/z9Fq1D5abYA/s72-c/tajmahalbyamalmongiaui2.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4779438981571212911</id><published>2009-03-28T16:22:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2009-03-28T16:30:26.498-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Some Advice for Teachers from Ms. Amato's First Grade Class</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sc6I3cPXeRI/AAAAAAAABCc/GGbZ8Opg8J8/s1600-h/P2230408.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sc6I3cPXeRI/AAAAAAAABCc/GGbZ8Opg8J8/s320/P2230408.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5318338696025962770" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following list of suggestions was generated by children in Ms. Pat Amato's first-grade class at the Beverly Martin Elementary School in Ithaca, New York. The children decided that the best gift they could give to their student teacher on her last day was how to be a good teacher. This is what they wrote together:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;1. Teach us as much as you can.&lt;br /&gt;2. Give us homework.&lt;br /&gt;3. Help us when we have problems with our work.&lt;br /&gt;4. Help us when we have problems with other kids.&lt;br /&gt;5. Help us do the right thing.&lt;br /&gt;6. Help us make a family in school.&lt;br /&gt;7. Read books to us.&lt;br /&gt;8. Teach us to read.&lt;br /&gt;9. Help us write about faraway places.&lt;br /&gt;10. Give us lots of compliments, like, "Oh, that's so beautiful."&lt;br /&gt;11. Smile at us.&lt;br /&gt;12. Take us for walks and on trips.&lt;br /&gt;13. Respect us.&lt;br /&gt;14. Help us get our education.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Source: Nieto, S. (2004). &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education&lt;/span&gt;. New York: Pearson.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4779438981571212911?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4779438981571212911/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4779438981571212911' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4779438981571212911'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4779438981571212911'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2009/03/some-advice-for-teachers-from-ms-amatos.html' title='Some Advice for Teachers from Ms. Amato&apos;s First Grade Class'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/Sc6I3cPXeRI/AAAAAAAABCc/GGbZ8Opg8J8/s72-c/P2230408.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-3202609455869597902</id><published>2008-12-26T11:23:00.008-05:00</published><updated>2008-12-26T11:36:36.155-05:00</updated><title type='text'>CONTENT AREA LITERACY: BEYOND THE LANGUAGE ARTS</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SVUH0qr4WxI/AAAAAAAAA_k/kxh0JckSBpQ/s1600-h/october08+823.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SVUH0qr4WxI/AAAAAAAAA_k/kxh0JckSBpQ/s200/october08+823.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5284138339182074642" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Content Area Literacy: Beyond the Language Arts Classroom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;By Debbie Shults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Source: http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/teachersatwork/1305/)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Our youngest generation is a scarce and precious resource facing a human wave of global competition. This reality is changing the way teachers think of literacy, and more importantly, it is changing their classroom practice. Teachers across the entire curriculum spectrum are beginning to realize that they are responsible for producing learners who possess the literacy skills needed for the 21st Century. They are realizing that literacy is the ability to comprehend all sorts of text, and helping students accomplish the goal of comprehension requires more than asking them to open a book and read the chapter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This new, expanded definition of literacy includes the development of a set of interrelated skills that include reading, writing, speaking, viewing, listening, and questioning; all leading to the ability to critically assess and use information. We inhabit a world in which information is coming at us in ways that impact all of our senses. Today's teachers understand that giving their students the skills to interpret information, however it's packaged, is also an important part of educating learners who are prepared to succeed in this century's competitive global workplace. Teachers are teaching their students how to evaluate all types of information sources. Whether it's hard text, electronic informational sources, MTV, or a documentary film, teachers are helping students learn to think critically about the information they encounter. So, how does this instruction look in the content area classroom?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Content Literacy in the Math Classroom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because it's the area about which we tend to think of most narrowly, let's look at literacy in the secondary math classroom as an example. The classic math lesson includes repeated teacher demonstrations of problem solving with students copying the examples and going home to repeat the process. In response to the need to infuse literacy across curriculum, this process is changing. Here are a few of those key changes taking place in today's literacy infused math classrooms:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Math teachers are developing their own classroom libraries. Once the domain of the language arts teacher, the classroom library is beginning to appear across the curriculum. Building a classroom library becomes a means of showing students how content knowledge is acquired and also serves as a way for teachers to share their passion for learning. A content area classroom library should reflect the interests of the teacher and the students. Some great book titles for a math library include Driving Mr. Albert by Michael Paterniti and Possessing Genius: The True Account of the Bizarre Odyssey of Einstein's Brain by Carolyn Abraham. Both of these books will fascinate students as they tell the true story of the post mortem adventures of the great mathematician's brain. Pythagoras: The Mathemagician by Karim El-Koussa and What's Your Angle, Pythagoras? A Math Adventure by Julie Ellis vividly tell the story of one of the most important fathers of math knowledge. G Is for Googol: A Math Alphabet Book by David Schwartz and Marissa Moss uses a non-threatening format to illustrate some very complex math ideas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To help students become interested in reading these books, math teachers are giving book talks. Media specialists and language arts teachers have long used book talks to stir up interest in reading. Now content area teachers are doing the same. For tips on how to give a book talk, visit Nancy Keane's web site, Book Talks -- Quick and Simple.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Use pre-reading strategies to help students get the most from their math books. Math books are set up quite differently than any other type of text book. This means that pre-reading, comprehension strategies that work with social studies or science books need to be modified. One of my favorite pre-reading strategies is called T.H.I.E.V.E.S. Each letter in the acronym stands for a distinct part of an informational text: "T" for title, "H" for headings, "I" for introduction, "E" for every first sentence, "V" for visuals and vocabulary, "E" for end of chapter questions, and "S" for summary. This strategy engages students in the topic they are about to learn and helps teach them how to use all the elements of informative text. But how useful is it for a math text? By changing the first "E' from "Every first sentence" to "Examples" the T.H.I.E.V.E.S. strategy becomes an effective pre-reading strategy for math books.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Word walls help students learn the language of math. Elementary school teachers have long known the value of word walls. Secondary content area teachers are now using them for a variety of purposes. Content area vocabulary words can be posted on classroom walls helping students learn to speak and understand the language of a specific discipline. Word walls can become important literacy resources in any classroom. For more detailed information on creating word walls, visit the Florida Online Reading for Professional Development web site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Design lessons that integrate multiple resources. Math teachers are planning literacy skills into their lessons. Today's teachers are visiting sites like TeacherTube or subscribing to online resources like United Streaming, downloading brief video clips (three to five minutes in length) on topics such as the peculiar properties of right angles, and inserting them into lessons on the Pythagorean Theorem. These kinds of lessons are rooted in literacy education because they help the learner access prior knowledge, increase motivation to learn, and create anticipation for new math knowledge. Math teachers are recognizing that today's students require active teaching strategies, infused with literacy practices that engage the learner and make learning relevant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Read, Write, and speak about math. Saving the most obvious for last, of course math students must learn to read and understand math problems. When algebra students are studying systems of equations, they must be taught to understand the pattern of the written scenarios for the real life application of this skill set. Although most algebra books have abandoned the classic example, "when two trains leave the station," algebraic word problems are still massive brain breakers. Great math teachers actively teach their students how to translate words to math symbols and math symbols back to words. They require their students to write in math journals narrations of the logical thought processes used to solve problems. And perhaps just as importantly, effective math teachers engage their students in professional discourse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A visitor to a literate math class will hear students discussing math with their teacher and peers using the precise language of mathematics to describe and explain math concepts. They will see a print rich classroom where math vocabulary is displayed on word walls, and math literature is readily available to spark student interest in the richness of mathematics. In the literate math classroom, boys and girls are being taught to understand how their math book can be a great resource in helping them master math content, and they are engaged in lessons that help them tap into all those years of previous math instruction that form the foundation for higher levels of math knowledge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Math teachers, who are infusing these kinds of literacy practices into their lessons, are producing learners who are truly math literate. They are the new heroes who are giving our precious generation of children the tools to live and prosper in our new world of fierce global competition.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-3202609455869597902?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/teachersatwork/1305/' title='CONTENT AREA LITERACY: BEYOND THE LANGUAGE ARTS'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/3202609455869597902/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=3202609455869597902' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3202609455869597902'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3202609455869597902'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/12/content-area-literacy-beyond-language.html' title='CONTENT AREA LITERACY: BEYOND THE LANGUAGE ARTS'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SVUH0qr4WxI/AAAAAAAAA_k/kxh0JckSBpQ/s72-c/october08+823.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-2557542956298769059</id><published>2008-09-03T13:24:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2008-09-06T08:45:45.454-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Mungkinkah Guru Indonesia Menggunakan Bahasa Inggris sebagai Bahasa Pengantar?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SMJ7W0rSdzI/AAAAAAAAArA/OsegeJt5EzA/s1600-h/IMG_5091.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SMJ7W0rSdzI/AAAAAAAAArA/OsegeJt5EzA/s200/IMG_5091.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5242888548240226098" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Akhir-akhir ini kita makin sering mendengar dipergunakannya bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar dalam pengajaran di sekolah-sekolah, diantaranya melalui program dwibahasa (bilingual) dan sekolah berstandar internasional (SBI). Program-program ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan mutu pendidikan kita dalam menghadapi dan menyikapi era globalisasi. Namun demikian, sebagaimana ribuan ide bagus lainnya, kita perlu memahami relevansinya dalam konteks kita. Apakah mungkin bahasa Inggris dapat dijadikan bahasa pengantar di sekolah-sekolah di Indonesia?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Salah satu rangkaian persiapan yang lazim dilakukan adalah pemberian pelatihan-pelatihan bahasa Inggris kepada staf pengajar. Para guru mendapat pelatihan bahasa Inggris secara intensif selama jangka waktu tertentu. Setelah itu mereka akan diberi mandat untuk mengajar dalam bahasa Inggris, dengan masa peralihan dimana bahasa Indonesia dapat sekali-kali dipergunakan. Pada masa ini guru dapat didampingi oleh guru bahasa Inggris. Pada akhirnya, guru menggunakan bahasa Inggris secara total. Sekilas, hal ini terlihat sederhana dan cukup logis untuk dilaksanakan. Namun benarkah demikian?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut Jim Cummins, ahli bahasa dari University of Toronto, dalam proses akusisi bahasa kedua (second language acquistion) kita harus membedakan antara Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) dengan Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP). BICS adalah kemampuan bahasa yang diperlukan dalam konteks sosial, misalnya percakapan dengan teman, transaksi jual beli di pasar, jamuan makan di restoran, dsb. Percakapan sosial ini banyak memiliki petunjuk-petunjuk non-verbal (seperti ekspresi wajah, gerakan tubuh, dan objek acuan) dan tidak begitu memerlukan aspek kognitif secara dominan. Sedangkan CALP lebih mengacu kepada bahasa yang digunakan pada konteks pembelajaran akademik formal, yang meliputi kegiatan membaca, menulis, mendengar dan berbicara dalam sesuai dengan kaidah keilmuan tertentu, misalnya ilmu fisika, biologi, sosiologi, seni suara, dsb. CALP lebih sulit karena terbatasnya petunjuk non-verbal, lebih abstraknya bahasa yang dipergunakan, dan dominannya aspek kognitif yanng diperlukan. Penggunaan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar memerlukan penguasaan CALP yang baik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berbagai hasil riset terhadap para imigran di negara AS dan Kanada menunjukkan bahwa waktu untuk menguasai BICS dan CALP tidaklah sama. BICS dapat dikuasai dalam waktu relatif singkat, enam bulan hingga dua tahun, sedangkan CALP memerlukan waktu sekitar lima hingga sepuluh tahun. Konteks Indonesia berbeda dari AS dan Kanada karena bahasa Inggris tidak dipergunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari sehingga waktu untuk penguasaan bahasa tentunya lebih lama. Selain itu penguasaan bahasa akademik bukan hanya penghafalan kosakata dan struktur bahasa, namun juga pada keluwesan dalam bertutur lisan dan tulisan, dan kemahiran dalam mendengar dan membaca serta berpikir dengan bahasa tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karena itu, program pelatihan bahasa Inggris untuk para guru bilingual dan SBI untuk menguasai CALP akan sangat sulit mencapai hasil yang diharapkan. Kemungkinan penguasaan CALP sangat kecil. Sebagian besar instruktur bahasa Inggris di Indonesia hanya menguasai BICS, sehingga kurang relevan jika mereka memberikan pelatihan bahasa Inggris kepada para guru bidang studi lainnya yang membutuhkan penguasaan CALP. Dengan pelatihan yang oleh instruktur yang tepat pun masih dibutuhkan waktu yang terlalu panjang untuk menguasai CALP. Lalu jika para guru dengan penguasaan CALP yang terbatas sudah ditugaskan mengajar, hampir dapat dipastikan murid akan semakin kebingungan dengan bahasa yang digunakan dan materi yang diajarkan. Jangan-jangan karena keterbatasan kemampuan bahasa, konsep yang hendak diajarkan tidak tersampaikan dengan baik sehingga pengajaran tidak efektif, malah bisa menjadi sia-sia. Pada akhirnya pihak yang paling merugi adalah para murid.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ada beberapa alternatif solusi. Pertama, perekrutan penutur asli bahasa Inggris yang memiliki kualifikasi mengajar bidang studi yang hendak diajarkan, bukan sekedar guru dengan sertifikasi ESL/EFL teaching, seperti yang cukup banyak terjadi di lapangan, apalagi hanya sekedar bule tanpa kualifikasi mengajar yang jelas. Alternatif ini tentunya sangat mahal karena standar gaji orang asing sangat tinggi. Kedua, perekrutan guru lokal yang mendapat training keilmuannya dalam bahasa Inggris. Bisa jadi hal ini juga masih sulit bagi sebagian besar sekolah, baik karena kurangnya dana atau langkanya tenaga pengajar dengan kualifikasi seperti ini. Ketiga, mengalihkan daya dan upaya peningkatan mutu pendidikan dengan cara lain; seperti penambahan porsi bahasa asing, peningkatan kualitas dan kesejahteraan guru, dan peningkatan sarana dan prasarana sekolah. Opsi ini yang paling relevan bagi kebanyakan sekolah di Indonesia yang ikut program bilingual ataupun SBI. Ide bagus, namun jika tidak sesuai dengan konteks kita seharusnya jangan dipaksakan. Pemanfaatan anggaran pendidikan yang terbatas hendaknya digunakan secara lebih bijak untuk program yang lebih tepat guna.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-2557542956298769059?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/2557542956298769059/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=2557542956298769059' title='8 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/2557542956298769059'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/2557542956298769059'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/09/mungkinkah-guru-indonesia-menggunakan.html' title='Mungkinkah Guru Indonesia Menggunakan Bahasa Inggris sebagai Bahasa Pengantar?'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SMJ7W0rSdzI/AAAAAAAAArA/OsegeJt5EzA/s72-c/IMG_5091.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>8</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4758242367171811196</id><published>2008-06-04T00:30:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:01.389-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Teacher learning has usually been overlooked in education reform</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY1SuLGV1I/AAAAAAAAApY/de6ueR3eXXU/s1600-h/IMG_1978.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY1SuLGV1I/AAAAAAAAApY/de6ueR3eXXU/s200/IMG_1978.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5207908614849058642" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I think that we need to pay equal attention to student learning as much as to teacher learning in any education reform effort. However, teacher learning has usually been overlooked in many reform settings. I am sure that in any reform effort, the main attention is usually paid to the quality of student learning. Thus, this will entail various forms of resource material to support student learning; such as books, computers, scholarships, stationary, etc. However, teacher learning is usually not the focus. If it is not totally forgotten, then it is seen as a complimentary element to the whole reform. It seems that many people take teacher learning for granted. They are likely to believe that teacher learning happens automatically, and they can learn in a linear way. Teachers are not regarded as the element that should learn just like how we believe all humans should learn. Thus, I want to focus on this area in my involvement in the field of education. In addition, I strongly believe that having quality teachers in a poorly supported educational setting means a lot more than having quality resources with low quality teachers. I learned this from my own personal experience. I also learned it from the histories of great leaders in the struggle for independence in Indonesia. We were able to produce great quality leaders with very poor conditions as a colonized nation. For instance, many of the leaders were able to speak many foreign languages. I remember that the first foreign minister was able to speak at least nine different languages. He learned it without the facilities, such as: computer labs, interactive books, and many other luxuries that students today may get easy access to. I am very sure that he must have had great teachers who inspired and motivated him in learning, and that is the key! I believe that even in poor areas in the world, quality education is very possible, provided they have quality teachers. That is what I want to happen in Indonesia, and that is what I want to focus in my career.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4758242367171811196?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4758242367171811196/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4758242367171811196' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4758242367171811196'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4758242367171811196'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/06/teacher-learning-has-usually-been.html' title='Teacher learning has usually been overlooked in education reform'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY1SuLGV1I/AAAAAAAAApY/de6ueR3eXXU/s72-c/IMG_1978.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-5241901063927817129</id><published>2008-06-04T00:26:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:01.532-05:00</updated><title type='text'>On “good teacher” &amp; “professional teacher”</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY0m-LGV0I/AAAAAAAAApQ/ZnhyXe2AbdU/s1600-h/IMG_2042.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY0m-LGV0I/AAAAAAAAApQ/ZnhyXe2AbdU/s200/IMG_2042.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5207907863229781826" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Should there be a distinction between good teachers and professional teachers? Can we have good teachers as professional teachers, or professional teachers as good teachers? I think the way professional is understood is the person who does what he or she is told to do. Perhaps, the sense of a professional teacher is more connected to the policies and instructions from the authority such as the curriculum, district policies, or other guidelines created by external parties. On the other hand, a good teacher might be seen as someone who is more attached to the context, which is most likely to the students. In other words, a good teacher always find ways to tap into students’ interests, motivation, and backgrounds, in order to design the lessons. This may mean that the good teacher can abandon the external expectations, when they cannot address the real problems the teacher face in the classroom. The story of Conroy in the book “The Water is Wide” is a good example of a good teacher, but not professional because he was perceived as unprofessional by his administrators. However, the students seemed to love him and really learned a lot from him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In my opinion, this dichotomy is dangerous. What matters the most is the quality of student learning. If we believe all children can learn, then we should be proactive in creating supportive learning environment for quality student learning. Teachers need to be good and professional. We need to change the mindset of bureaucracy in governing education system, which values efficiency above all. Rather, all policies should be geared toward the quality of student learning, which may make the policy implementation a bit more complicated that usual. They should allow teachers to respond proactively towards the uncertainties and unexpected situations during teaching. When this happens, professional teachers are defined as the ones who can address the complex diversity of the classroom, and maximize student learning. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the accountability of teachers and students’ performance should be based on a comprehensive assessment tool, not just on test scores.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-5241901063927817129?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/5241901063927817129/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=5241901063927817129' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5241901063927817129'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5241901063927817129'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/06/on-good-teacher-professional-teacher.html' title='On “good teacher” &amp; “professional teacher”'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY0m-LGV0I/AAAAAAAAApQ/ZnhyXe2AbdU/s72-c/IMG_2042.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-7208441231444088004</id><published>2008-06-04T00:23:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:01.716-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Good ideas can be ill-received</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY2x-LGV2I/AAAAAAAAApg/C8dOJhJcxMo/s1600-h/IMG_1789.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY2x-LGV2I/AAAAAAAAApg/C8dOJhJcxMo/s200/IMG_1789.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5207910251231598434" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;A reflection on class discussion on 4/29/2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“No matter what you do, you cannot make everybody happy.” This is the saying that can be applied in many contexts: family, life, or teaching. I think this is also true in ideas about how education reform should be conducted. We all have good ideas about how reform should be done. And let’s say we all agree that teacher quality is the key. Still, we have different perspectives on how to produce quality teachers. Each person has assumptions that may contradict with other reformers. I was surprised to hear how the word ‘radical” was used in this class by Professor Zumwalt. First, it was about the idea to move education degree to the Master’s level, which was radical for many parts of the country besides New York State. What surprised me though, was when TC’s people were considered to have radical ideas, because of the progressive education ideas and the constructivist paradigm (Prof. Zumwalt said: the “P” word and the “C” word). The Holmes report did not want to use the terms constructivist and progressive, and instead uses the term “interactive” because they do not want other people (non TC people?) to be turned off by the radical terms. I was surprised to know this fact, and then asked myself a question: “What is so radical about constructivist and progressive education?” Honestly, I find it quite amusing. However, given my lack of knowledge of the context of the people who feel that these ideas are radical, I need to give more serious thought about it. I wonder what the constructivist and progressive ideas have done to their settings, which perhaps led to this stigma that those ideas are radical. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Thus, to design policies and programs, we need to be sensitive of the broader context of how people might receive the good ideas. We should take into account how good ideas are received by the larger society. As in the case if Holmes report, the use of the word “interactive” has a strategic value. It allows people to listen to the ideas. Sometimes people just shut the door immediately after they hear the code words that bring negative images to their mind, thus preventing them to really listen to the ideas.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;All reports, in my opinion, have one common theme, is that the belief that all children can learn. If they are not learning, then it is the responsibility of the teachers to find out how they can learn. Then I thought that if we believe all children can learn, do we believe that all teachers can learn as well? I think we should! The problem is many people feel that teachers, as many other adults, do not need to learn because they already know everything. Their job is to “pour the knowledge” to the students. There are others who believe that teachers need to learn. However, sometimes we tend to forget that teachers are also humans, which means that the way they learn should reflect they way we believe humans learn best. If we do not provide quality learning engagement for teachers, how can we expect great results? That simply will never happen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Overall, I think that teachers need to be treated as professionals in their field. In order to do this, I agree with the idea that teacher preparation programs need to be rigorous, and that teacher license needs to competitive. This will elevate the social status of the occupation, and then will attract more people into the field. In addition, it is important to reward teachers well and support their continuous learning in order to ensure that the retention of good teachers and their professional growth.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-7208441231444088004?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/7208441231444088004/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=7208441231444088004' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7208441231444088004'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7208441231444088004'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/06/reflection-on-class-discussion-on.html' title='Good ideas can be ill-received'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY2x-LGV2I/AAAAAAAAApg/C8dOJhJcxMo/s72-c/IMG_1789.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-6681827797460648299</id><published>2008-06-04T00:17:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:01.836-05:00</updated><title type='text'>A reflection on an education reform effort: "Tomorrow’s teachers (1986)"</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY4iOLGV4I/AAAAAAAAApw/d4KWMWT0aOo/s1600-h/IMG_1546.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY4iOLGV4I/AAAAAAAAApw/d4KWMWT0aOo/s200/IMG_1546.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5207912179671914370" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are a couple of interesting points here for me, which are. &lt;br /&gt;1) To reform education, it is believed that we have to reform teacher education and professional development. &lt;br /&gt;2) Teachers should be regarded as a profession with solid standards. There should be collaboration between teacher educators, researchers and expert teachers to inquire their practice and improve it.&lt;br /&gt;3) The teacher pre service education is not strong enough. It needs to be fixed. &lt;br /&gt;4) Teachers should be able to learn, investigate and improve their professional practice thoughtfully. &lt;br /&gt;5) The quality of teachers is closely related to the quality of students.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I agree wholeheartedly with these points, but I just realized that this report was made 10 years before the Tomorrow’s Teachers report. Why was it still not addressed ten years later? Why was it still far from adequate 20 years later? Again, is it because the reform people are not patient? Of course teacher learning takes some time. And sometimes the way we define the quality of student learning is still tied to their scores in the standardized tests. That is the counterproductive policy. So, our understanding about assessment, or evidence about learning matters! We know that we don’t want the rote learning in our classrooms. But when test scores in the standardized tests are used as the basic and most trusted indicator for teacher accountability, learning accountability, teachers are in tough spot, thinking about powerful, quality, engaging learning while at the same time they have to make sure students do well in the tests. Is there any research about the impact of the standardized tests to classroom teaching? Do they influence teaching? How strong can they influence teaching? Is the standardized testing the kind of assessment that is suggested by the teaching and learning we want to happen in the classroom? Does the results of standardized testing show a great quality of student learning? I think they are just the snapshots, showing some pieces out of many other pieces of student learning and teachers’ performance. There are so many other pieces that are not included. Yet, decisions and judgments are made based on these test scores. This is so frustrating! Thus, what is urgently needed is to also change our paradigm about the form of assessment that can be fair and comprehensive to capture the real students and teachers’ performance. If not, if we keep relying on the standardized testing in the name of efficiency, I am afraid the teaching and learning that happen in the classroom will always be the same; nothing will ever change! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When we believe that teachers need to learn, we do not want them to learn about how to prepare students to pass the tests, but it is more about how to help more students acquire the knowledge, skills and understanding stated in the standards. Teachers also need to keep learning. And again to teach high thinking skills, rigorous curriculum, with great engagement and tapping into students’ interest, motivation, goals and learning styles, that is a very difficult job to do. In fact, it requires teachers who always learn, and that is why the quality of teacher learning is important!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I was wondering what should be taught in pre-service education and what certification means. I think there are two major things that will make new teachers confident in teaching. First, it is the content area expertise. From my action research I found out that new teachers are still not confident about their expertise in content area, and always look for opportunities to build their knowledge in professional development programs. The second major thing, I would have to say the pedagogical skills; not knowledge, but skills. This means that teacher candidates need to be engaged in practice during their pre-service education program. They have to learn how to deal with uncertainties and the complexity of teaching. This should be followed by enough quality time for reflection. Student teaching should be valued highly. Perhaps, it should be awarded more than 3 credits, considering its significance and the size of the task. It can be very overwhelming to do three of four other courses, while you have to student-teach. At the end of the program, when they get certification, this should not be interpreted as they are “ready” to teach; rather it should be a sign that they have the basic skills and understandings about teaching and learning, have the awareness of how uncertain and dynamic their job can be, and have the commitment to keep learning and growing as a professional. Teachers need to keep learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I think when we believe that teacher learning is the key to educational reform, then we need to ask ourselves: “How adequate is our capacity for teacher learning?” “What does adequate mean?” In Indonesian context, it is still far from adequate. Teacher learning has been dominated by one-step linear approach, where teachers are expected to carry out the reform ideas after one-day or one-week seminars/workshops. We even have yet to do the restructuring part, let alone reculturing to support teacher learning. We need to build the infrastructures for teacher learning, such as: producing quality professors of education, research in education, providing quality resources (library, computer centers), improving the curricula for teacher education. At the same time we need to build the confidence for schools and teachers to be confident in designing their own policies according to their own settings. Schools need to value teacher learning by giving teachers opportunities to learn and reward teachers’ effort to be engaged in quality learning experience. It will be interesting to conduct some research about how teacher learning is valued and how adequate is our real capacity to support quality teacher learning in Indonesia. It is an area that I would really like to be involved with in the future.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-6681827797460648299?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/6681827797460648299/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=6681827797460648299' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6681827797460648299'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6681827797460648299'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/06/reflection-on-education-reform-effort_04.html' title='A reflection on an education reform effort: &quot;Tomorrow’s teachers (1986)&quot;'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY4iOLGV4I/AAAAAAAAApw/d4KWMWT0aOo/s72-c/IMG_1546.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4807642849108426743</id><published>2008-06-04T00:09:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:01.950-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Reflection on an education reform effort: "What matters most: Teaching for America’s future (1996)"</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY5i-LGV5I/AAAAAAAAAp4/3UHqGzfIdBk/s1600-h/IMG_1552.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY5i-LGV5I/AAAAAAAAAp4/3UHqGzfIdBk/s200/IMG_1552.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5207913292068444050" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The main point here is that: putting teachers and teaching at the heart of education reform, where they belong (p.4). I feel that this report strongly emphasizes on quality teachers as the key of education reform. If they started to call for the action for focusing on teacher reform, and with the great number of experts that they have here in the US, why is the situation now not showing significant improvement? Perhaps, it is the vision of the NCLB, that changed the priority of the educational policies. Or perhaps, the definition of teacher quality has been changed to fit the spirit of NCLB. Now, it seems like teacher quality equals the how well their students do in the standardized tests. Hence, the policy influences how teacher quality is defined, and it has changed what was set before. Why does this happen? Why should we keep changing the policies? Who should decide the educational policies? Why can’t educators and teachers become the prominent determinants in shaping educational policies? If this keeps happening, how can we ensure sustainability in reform? I am sure that all approaches are backed by research. It is just like the fight between the behaviorists and constructivists. So, how can we sustain once a decision is made? Every policy is politically driven. There is a big issue here unanswered, regarding the sustainability of reform.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The goal was set to be achieved by 2006, but it feels that until now, teacher quality has always become the problem. Is it the problem of learning on the part of teachers? Teacher change does not come quickly. Sometimes, many people are impatient, especially the policymakers, who expect change to happen quickly. Learning is complex and not linear. It takes time. It happens gradually. The pace of learning is not as quick as the demands for reform. If we want to have fundamental change, not just incremental, superficial ones, we have to focus on the effort for reculturing, not only restructuring for teaching learning. Actually, teachers experience voluntary change all the time, where they modify their instructions to reach the students. However, teachers are usually resistant towards imposed change, a mandatory change. Perhaps, this is another factor why it has not been successful. Teachers feel that the reform is a mandate, an external force coming to their classroom. They are not comfortable as if their autonomy is being taken from them. They are used to the isolation, and perhaps they are anxious to open themselves and open their classrooms. Perhaps, the reform effort has failed to build a culture of learning within schools. Teachers, just like all learners, make meanings of their new experience by utilizing their prior knowledge, their tacit knowledge base, their skills and understandings, in order to come to a new understanding. The change should not be expected to happen during the professional development program, but rather over the whole teaching career, because just like Ayers says that teaching is never finished. Good teaching is forever pursuing.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4807642849108426743?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4807642849108426743/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4807642849108426743' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4807642849108426743'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4807642849108426743'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/06/reflection-on-education-reform-effort.html' title='Reflection on an education reform effort: &quot;What matters most: Teaching for America’s future (1996)&quot;'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY5i-LGV5I/AAAAAAAAAp4/3UHqGzfIdBk/s72-c/IMG_1552.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-327111685053893092</id><published>2008-06-03T23:40:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:02.232-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Reflection on "The Water is Wide"</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY7qOLGV6I/AAAAAAAAAqA/lJ0cIyXDybA/s1600-h/IMG_1704.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY7qOLGV6I/AAAAAAAAAqA/lJ0cIyXDybA/s200/IMG_1704.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5207915615645751202" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I attended a presentation about an autobiographical book “The Water is Wide.” Conroy is described as a teacher who wanted to teach to make a difference. He transformed from an idealistic teacher into a realistic teacher. I wonder what this means. Is an idealistic teacher similar to a professional teacher, and a realistic teacher is more like a good teacher? What I understand is that Conroy did not expect that his students would be so left-behind, that he had to transform his teaching, abandoning the required curriculum, in order to connect with his students. If this is what it means to be realistic, then I think teaching should be realistic. How often do we hear that new teachers start their job, and find out that they are not really prepared to face the real classroom situations? Then, I ask the question, “What does it mean to be prepared to teach?” I don’t think there is such thing as “prepared to teach.” Teaching is always dynamic, and as McDonald suggests that it is full of uncertainties. There is no ending to it, or Ayers’ words, good teaching is forever pursuing. Every context is different, and even within the same context, different things work differently at different time. It is all relative. I think the notion of idealistic should be brought down to earth; otherwise, it would be forever a utopian concept. I feel that I would rather be a realistic teacher, rather than an idealistic teacher, because to me I would rather connect with my students, and not with the textbook(s), to enable me to design instructions and assessment for my classes. Now that I think more about it, what would be ideal is the teacher who is always learning, who keeps searching for better ways in practicing the art and craft of teaching in order to reach all students. We would never find situations as assumed by many pedagogical theories. Real teaching is full of uncertainties and full of surprises. We should never promote the sanitized images of teaching, which will make us guilty as the conspirator of certainty in teaching. Thus, we need to redefine what an idealistic teacher looks like because to me to be ideal is to be realistic. It is not a dichotomy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It seems to me that Pat Conroy had to fight against the institutional culture. As a teacher, he seemed to be a single fighter. Somehow this reminds me of Hollywood movies, such as Blackboard Jungle, or Dangerous Minds, where a teacher comes to a broken school system, and acts as a lone cowboy hero, trying to save the world. But this story is real. I wonder how often teachers feel this way, where their personal beliefs clash with institutional culture. As a teacher myself, I have been lucky because I think the work environment where I have worked has always been supportive for my teaching beliefs, well, at least in general. Actually, there were a couple of occasions where academic and business sides collided. I found it frustrating when I had to settle for what is good for business, which is not necessarily good for academics. For instance, there was a case of an increasing number of failing students. As a private language school, students paid a lot to study in my workplace. However, sometimes they felt that money was everything, and disregarded the effort to study seriously, and missed a lot of classes. Not only did teachers sometimes have to allow students who had been absent for half of the course to sit for the tests (which meant breaking the school rules), those who did poorly on the tests still had the chance to take a remedial one. Of course these students did not have much to rely on the class participation scores, or the ongoing assessment. However, the school suggested that it was bad for the business. The school did not want to have an image of the place where many students failed, while many teachers argued that it was a good sign for business because we showed customers how we valued quality education. There were a lot of other instances, especially in purchasing materials, where the school always preferred to buy cheaper products, and did not think long term. It could be frustrating for teachers who wanted to do the best for the students.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The last slide of the group's presentation had a statement, “May the river be good to you in the crossing.” I know this sentence is loaded with socio-economic issues, particularly the racial divide in the US. I was digesting it by posing more questions. What does it mean to cross the river? Should there be a crossing? Who should we cross? Should the cross be in one direction? Why not meeting in the river and swim together? Why not build a ship and sail together?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-327111685053893092?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/327111685053893092/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=327111685053893092' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/327111685053893092'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/327111685053893092'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/06/reflection-on-water-is-wide.html' title='Reflection on &quot;The Water is Wide&quot;'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY7qOLGV6I/AAAAAAAAAqA/lJ0cIyXDybA/s72-c/IMG_1704.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-7787331321036511461</id><published>2008-06-03T23:10:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:02.453-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Teaching tools: personal narratives, story-telling, personality, real listening</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY8yOLGV7I/AAAAAAAAAqI/PRwYJMV2Npk/s1600-h/IMG_1564.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY8yOLGV7I/AAAAAAAAAqI/PRwYJMV2Npk/s200/IMG_1564.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5207916852596332466" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Every one, including a teacher, has a story. I was wondering whether it is true for me. Well, I have to admit I am not a good storyteller. I like to listen to stories and respond to them. Even among my friends, I rarely tell stories or jokes. I am a good listener, but not a good storyteller. I guess everybody has stories to tell, but not everyone is a good storyteller. It is not in my nature to tell stories. However, I was wondering whether I sometimes used stories to teach in Indonesia. I think I did once in a while, but it was more about my experience living abroad (Canada), or my experience learning English. My goal was to motivate my students to learn English as a foreign language. That’s right! They are motivational stories. I think I do not have cool stories to tell, and I don’t think I can make up stories easily. Either I usually use a book to help me tell a story, or I use small notes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, I think telling stories can be a powerful teaching technique, especially if the stories have some real purposes. Some teachers may like this tool better than others, just because it fits their personality. So, does personality matter in teaching? How big is the influence of personality into teaching and learning? I think when there is a match between personality and methods in teaching and learning, the experience will be more powerful. I think this is just like the principle of multiple intelligences theory. Every one of us is smart, in our own unique ways. Some people may prefer telling stories, some other prefer to be good listeners. Some people are extroverted, some are introverted. Our job is to provide avenues for all of them to be successful. One size does not fit all. Thus, telling stories may be very useful for different teachers in different ways.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Interestingly, it is also important to pay attention to students’ personal stories in order to connect to them. I feel that this fits into my personality better. I think I have the natural tendency to be a good listener. But what does it mean that we listen? One can listen, but he or she does not capitalize on it for better instruction and assessment, then it can diminish the purpose of listening itself. Moreover, to whom should a teacher listen more to? To the students? To the administrators? To the textbooks? To the curriculum? Or to their own instinct? Any of these elements can be conflicting with each other. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In my opinion, if we really prioritize to listen to students’ voice, we will most likely use student-centered approach. Almost all educators nowadays would agree that creating student-centered instruction is a norm. However, do they really mean it? What does it mean to have a student-centered approach? Actually, I can say that I am tired of the jargon student-centered in the way it has been manipulated during most of its implementation. Not a single educator now would dare to claim that he or she does not believe in student-centered. However, if we really mean student-centered, then learning should start from where the students are, and continue from there. There should be no punishment for their failure to keep up with the standards and their other peers. The forms of punishment are usually manifested through the grades, through rankings, or other categories, which reflects that one is more superior or inferior to others. Most of us do not like uncertainties, which is why we have standards. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I would argue that many teachers are standard-centered, as well as teacher-centered. Teachers tend to feel that they have the authority of knowing more and to judge what is important. Of course there is this element, because that is the nature of the term “teacher”, the more knower, the one who can show the way and lead the way. Even with standards, a teacher usually has his or her own judgment, which can be different than the standards, on what is important and how best to implement it. It is very rare the true student-centeredness happens in the classroom. What is more common is teacher-centered, and/or standard-centered. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If we really mean student-centered we will make the great effort of knowing the students, about their academic background, socio-economic-cultural background, learning styles, learning interests, learning readiness, learning motivation, learning pace, learning goals, and use these elements to co-construct the meaning and understanding of authentic and meaningful topics through dialectic and reflective engagement. We would not need the grading or ranking, rather descriptive reports of students’ progress from the point they start. They will not be compared to other peers, or the assumption of the standards, but rather they will be assessed and compared with themselves. That is student-centered and fair implementation of it. Everyone’s starting point is different, and this will create the bias of growth, if we want to focus on individual students. But, I believe we don’t. We want to keep the authority and certainty, by standards, grades and other tools that make students are compared with each other and with the assumptions of what students need to do and be able to do by certain point.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Real listening to students, meaning real student-centered, is not easy to do. It can be overwhelming for all teachers. If we really want to apply it, it takes a long-term effort to unlearn the teacher-centered or standard-centered approach, and learn the student-centered one. This requires the effort of all elements in education, not exclusive to the teachers. Real listening to students is a process of reculturing, not only restructuring. Therefore, all policies should be supportive for real listening to students.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-7787331321036511461?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/7787331321036511461/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=7787331321036511461' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7787331321036511461'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7787331321036511461'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/06/teaching-tools-personal-narratives.html' title='Teaching tools: personal narratives, story-telling, personality, real listening'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SEY8yOLGV7I/AAAAAAAAAqI/PRwYJMV2Npk/s72-c/IMG_1564.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4547882393638888567</id><published>2008-06-02T18:07:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2009-04-05T00:07:34.902-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Becoming a teacher: "I am who I am not yet." (PART 1 of 3)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERxLeLGVvI/AAAAAAAAAoo/hzy_spijl8s/s1600-h/IMG_1684.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERxLeLGVvI/AAAAAAAAAoo/hzy_spijl8s/s200/IMG_1684.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5207411511039252210" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;An autobiography by Iwan Syahril&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As the little boy was waiting for his dad to pick him up, a brown Renault sedan approached. The boy got into the sedan, and with a big smile, the dad greeted the boy, “Did you do well in school today son?” The boy simply answered, “Yes, Papa, I did.” The boy’s mind was stuck with questions about the person who was sitting near his dad. The French-made automobile went off and wandered the quiet streets of a coastal town in one of the most promising developing countries in the Southeast Asian archipelago. The dad broke the silence and said, “Let me introduce you to my friend, Pak2 Sulaiman.” The boy reluctantly shook hands with Pak Sulaiman. “What year are you in?” Pak Sulaiman asked. Confidently, the boy responded, “In the first year, Pak.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trying to continue conversation in the car, the dad said, “Tell Pak Sulaiman, what you want to be when you grow up.” Immediately the day’s religion lesson flashed into the boy’s mind. He recalled that Pak Zainal, the religion teacher, had told the students that teaching was a noble and rewarding job, not only for the present life but also for the hereafter. Pak Zainal said that teachers would get eternal rewards from God for any useful knowledge they gave to students. The boy then thought that teaching would be a fantastic and ideal job, because you get money in the present life and eternal rewards from God in the afterlife, which would ensure the path to heaven. Also, since his father was an English teacher, he was more than comfortable in the school setting. He’d spent many of his waking hours in classrooms since the age of two.  All of these reasons are why he quickly responded to his father’s question with, “I want to be a teacher.” Expecting a totally different answer from his smart boy, the dad was surprised. “Since when do you want to be a teacher?” The boy stayed silent. The dad went on, “You can say that you want to be a president, a minister, or a pilot, but not a teacher. Please never think or say again that you want to be a teacher!” The boy was shocked to hear the unsupportive reaction from his dad, who himself was a very popular English teacher in his town. Besides working as a professor in the English Letters department in the local State University, he also owned the most successful English school in town. The obedient boy was a bit puzzled, but he trusted his Dad, and for a very long time in his life, he never considered being a teacher again.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One day long after that car conversation, in Spring 1995, the boy was studying in a college in Java, one of the most populated islands on earth, still in that archipelago, when he got a phone call that his dad had to be hospitalized because of an infection in his intestines and his condition was worsening. As the boy’s plane landed, the sight of endless coconut trees welcomed him back to his hometown. Not long after he met up with his Mom and sister, his dad’s big family held a meeting regarding the language school. They wanted to decide how to run the school while the dad was being treated in the hospital. The family feared that his diabetes would make his already critical condition worse and that he would not be returning to his school. A lot of things were discussed, and suddenly his oldest half-brother asked what the boy considered to be the most important question, “So, who will teach all of the classes for the time-being? Obviously it is not easy to find substitute teachers in the middle of semester like this. All teachers seem to have full commitments by this time of the year. And it is not easy to replace Papa.” He was right. Papa had earned the reputation as the best English teacher in town. Almost all of the students who came to his language school did not want to be taught by other teachers. A number tried and failed. There was a big gap in the quality of the substitute teachers, and most importantly, Papa had a distinctive personality that influenced his teaching style. His students did not feel satisfied whenever substitute teachers replaced him. It then occurred to the boy that being in Papa’s classrooms for more than twelve years might give him a better understanding about what kind of teacher would be best to replace his dad for a short while. He said, “I’ll take care of it. I will go and find some teachers. I think I know where to find good teachers.” His uncle said, “Well, we cannot wait for too long. The school must open soon. We need to generate money to cover the medical expenses.” The other uncle then looked at the boy, “Why don’t you teach? Your English is very good. I think you can do it.” Being only an 18-year-old college sophomore, the boy simply thought that was a silly idea. He had no confidence at all, understandably since he had never taught. However, many more of his relatives started to push the idea. Besides trusting the boy’s language skills, they also thought it would cost a lot less since the school did not have to pay the boy. They must have thought that teaching was an easy job as long as one knew the content area well. Despite knowing that the boy was still a teenager and had no prior teaching experience, throwing a rookie teacher into the hottest seat was seen as the most rational option for the family members at the meeting. In the end, the boy had no choice but to teach because he could not find any available substitute teachers. Immediately, he felt many butterflies in his stomach as he was preparing for the lessons. It was a “sink or swim” moment for him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recalling his past experience as a student in Papa’s classrooms for more than twelve years, he went through some books that looked familiar to him in his dad’s resource library. He was imagining how Papa would teach lessons for various age groups and different proficiency levels. He had to teach three classes on his first day. It was a relief to him to find out that he did not know any of the students on the attendance lists. At least, he would not have to worry about meeting people that he knew. One big question remained. He had no clue what the previous lessons were. He had to grapple with what he knew about Papa’s typical lessons. He felt that he had some good ideas, which was somewhat comforting to him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The real moment finally came. He had to teach a class of more than twenty teenagers who packed the rows of long tables and chairs.  It was a low-level elementary class. Suddenly, a magical moment happened to the boy. As soon as he started the lesson, he felt that he was in his element. He felt he knew what he was doing. He enjoyed his first class very much. In fact, he enjoyed his first day teaching three classes of different age groups and different proficiency levels. When Papa recovered and took over the school one month later, the boy was still teaching all of the classes in Papa’s school. He taught at least four or five classes a day, six days in a week, with students ranging from elementary school age to adults as old as fifty-five. And the boy was still a teenager. Despite the fact that he already felt the psychic rewards of teaching, he still did not want to consider it a long-term career. Perhaps the car conversation had some significant influence on the way he thought about becoming a teacher. As he grew up, he also learned that a teacher had a low social status in his society. It was not a well-respected job.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Majoring in international relations in his college, the boy had other big dreams, such as becoming a diplomat, or working in a multinational company. The boy wanted to travel around the world. In fact, he achieved this goal, but in a way he did not expect. Instead of traveling around the world as a diplomat or an employee in a well-known international company, he has traveled as a teacher, as an educator. Like father like son. He also became an English as a Foreign Language teacher.  Later he became a scholar and a graduate student in one of the best schools of education in the world. He now has another big dream: to reform the education system in his country. That boy is me.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4547882393638888567?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4547882393638888567/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4547882393638888567' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4547882393638888567'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4547882393638888567'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/06/becoming-teacher-i-am-what-i-am-not-yet_442.html' title='Becoming a teacher: &quot;I am who I am not yet.&quot; (PART 1 of 3)'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERxLeLGVvI/AAAAAAAAAoo/hzy_spijl8s/s72-c/IMG_1684.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-5944302956028831554</id><published>2008-06-02T18:05:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2009-04-05T00:07:17.225-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Becoming a teacher: "I am who I am not yet." (PART 2 of 3)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERxoOLGVwI/AAAAAAAAAow/MA2SiNu5nTk/s1600-h/IMG_1703.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERxoOLGVwI/AAAAAAAAAow/MA2SiNu5nTk/s200/IMG_1703.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5207412004960491266" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;An autobiography by Iwan Syahril&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I never knew that I would be following in my father’s footsteps. Actually, I was not so sure about the decision at the beginning of my teaching career. When I graduated from college and secured a teaching position in one of the leading foreign language schools, my main reason to teach was to stay in the nicest city in Indonesia, Bandung. I liked the quality of life there. But I was happy enough with my job, which was challenging and stimulating. As I continued on there, I learned more about how to teach English as a Foreign Language.  In fact, I even learned strategies for making language learning creative, interactive and fun. This new method called the communicative approach was different from the grammar-translation and audio-lingual methods, which were used by many traditional teachers, including my father. In addition, the teacher resource library in my school was impressive. There were plenty of materials that helped introduce many new teaching techniques to me. They were very different from what my father used in his classes. There was a lot of group work, fun games, and creative activities that engaged my students in learning.  A brief earlier experience as an exchange student working as an elementary teaching assistant in Canada in 1996 had introduced me slightly to these newer, interactive methods3. This made it a little easier for me to adapt and meet teaching expectations in the progressive language school in Bandung where I had my first job after graduating college. Teaching in this school was a lot more relaxed and fun than in most Indonesian classrooms. One year later I became the Senior Teacher of the school, perhaps the first non-native speaker who got into the position. I was very proud.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Interesting conversations often took place in the teachers’ room, either about the classes, students, school issues, or even personal life stories. It was a great atmosphere, and I loved the people with whom I worked. Apart from the local Indonesian teachers, most of them were native speakers coming from different English speaking countries around the world, such as Australia, the UK, Canada and the US. Sometimes we even spent our free time together, such as having house parties, watching concerts and movies, or community fundraising events.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Despite a high turnover of English native speaker teachers4, new teachers got a lot of support from the other teachers, and from the resources we had. In my role as a Senior Teacher, for instance, I sometimes conducted the induction for new teachers: introducing the resources the school had and how to use them; going through the books that we used; giving explanations about the administrative duties; and answering any questions about classes they had in the first one or two months. New teachers usually had reduced hours, about two-thirds of the normal teaching hours. This seemed to help their adjustment with the school setting, and for the native teachers, it gave them some time to get used to living in Indonesia, which can be a bit challenging at the beginning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My boss, the Academic Coordinator, was from Scotland. She showed a great trust in me from the day I did my demo-lesson during the recruitment process in summer 1998. I showed her that as a local teacher I could be as good as, if not better than, the native teachers. I usually spent twelve hours a day in the school, learning from various materials we had in our resource library. Sometimes I even came to school on Saturdays. I planned my lessons very carefully, and always made sure that I had many alternative activities every lesson to anticipate if my main plan did not work well, or if I had some remaining time at the end. The teacher manuals of many textbooks gave me many great ideas about EFL classroom activities. Also, many of my colleagues were very supportive in sharing their successful teaching strategies. This was very helpful, particularly since I never had a proper training in teaching using the communicative and interactive methods. I initially relied mostly on my past experience as a student5, my prior teaching experience, and my intuition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I always wanted to make my lessons engaging, relevant, and fun for my students. With great enthusiasm and diligence, I compiled many different activities that worked, and built my own teaching resources. I earned a great respect from many of the experienced teachers in the school and proved the skeptics6 wrong. I showed that local teachers could be great teachers as well. When I was appointed as a Senior Teacher in 1999, my Academic Coordinator assigned me to develop resource activities library for the beginner, elementary, and low intermediate levels. My work became the model that was used for the upper levels, and apparently by the school’s other branches in Indonesia. Many other responsibilities were assigned to me in the following years, such as: developing the curriculum, scheduling, running workshops, developing new programs, and helping new teachers. I felt that I kept making significant professional growth. My teaching job seemed to be very fulfilling and rewarding.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of my main reasons to be proud of my job was that I earned a big salary compared to many other teachers in Indonesia. Although I knew that there was little sense of long-term job security, I was pleased to the fact that my income was as good as my friends’ salary who worked in private companies in Jakarta. I was lucky because the school was set up on the basis that they had to employ English native speakers, who earned very lucrative compensation package. Local teachers in my school only received less than 50% of native teachers’ salary, but this salary was almost two times as much as the typical salary received by many Indonesian employees who had a college degree, let alone the typical teachers’ salary, which was usually lower than the typical salary of many other professions in Indonesia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A few weeks before my father passed away in 1999, he still talked me into “getting out of teaching” by asking me to consider future job openings in the Foreign Affairs department. He said that he knew my quality and potential and I would make a great diplomat. Although I seemed to be agreeable when he said that, deep down inside my heart, I did not want to lose my freedom by working in a corrupt and feudalistic bureaucracy, such as in the Indonesian Foreign Affairs department. I felt that teaching gave me freedom. I loved the isolated nature of teaching. Despite some guidelines, the classroom is pretty much the teacher’s territory. I did not want to give it up. Besides, I felt that I loved my work place very much. It was a supportive and progressive professional environment. If I wanted to give it up, it had to be because of a scholarship opportunity to study in a foreign country. I even turned down a couple of job offers from leading companies in my country. One of them was a multinational one. My half-siblings and in-laws were upset when they found out that I rejected the offer. They could not understand my decision because in their opinion, working for a company provided a much better long-term job security than teaching in a private language school. I did not listen to them. But honestly, I was still not really settled with teaching.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-5944302956028831554?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/5944302956028831554/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=5944302956028831554' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5944302956028831554'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/5944302956028831554'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/06/becoming-teacher-i-am-what-i-am-not-yet_5388.html' title='Becoming a teacher: &quot;I am who I am not yet.&quot; (PART 2 of 3)'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERxoOLGVwI/AAAAAAAAAow/MA2SiNu5nTk/s72-c/IMG_1703.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-1516452882782955450</id><published>2008-06-02T17:56:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2009-04-05T00:06:59.161-04:00</updated><title type='text'>Becoming a Teacher: "I am who I am not yet." (Part 3 of 3)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERyIOLGVxI/AAAAAAAAAo4/hZEWeGzpois/s1600-h/IMG_2084.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERyIOLGVxI/AAAAAAAAAo4/hZEWeGzpois/s200/IMG_2084.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5207412554716305170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;An autobiography by Iwan Syahril&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Despite all of the great things and pride I had as a teacher, I always thought that teaching would be a stepping stone for me to go into a real job, or a nice “filler” before I continued studying in a foreign country, such as Australia, the UK, or the US. I always wanted to pursue a graduate degree abroad. After three years of unsuccessful scholarship applications, I decided to give up. I wanted to have a more settled life, especially after I got married. After eight years of teaching, I was ready to choose teaching as my life career. Then I felt that I needed to have a formal recognition that I was a qualified teacher. I decided to get a degree in education to enable me reach more opportunities because I was thinking of becoming a university professor. Therefore, I went to a graduate school of education in 2003, and took English Education major. I managed to be a fulltime student and kept my fulltime job. I took classes in the mornings, and taught in the afternoons and evenings. Surprisingly, my experience as a graduate student went far further than I had anticipated. It was a major transformation in my life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I finally found the core meanings and understandings of myself as an individual and as a teacher. This started in one of the courses I took in the second semester. I was introduced to the theory of multiple intelligences by an American visiting professor. This theory really transformed me in a lot of ways, especially in looking at myself and other people. For the first time in my life I was able to understand my preferences in making choices in my teaching and in every day life. I started to understand why sometimes I prefer to be a loner, because I tend to be a more intrapersonal person who needs to fulfill the desire to be by myself. Also, the theory of multiple intelligences has given me a stronger reason for reflection. I find the power of reflection in my own learning. I usually come up with a lot of good ideas that even surprise myself. I had never realized before about my own ability in generating good ideas, and I found reflection is a very liberating way to produce good ideas. Furthermore, the theory of multiple intelligences has also helped me realize my own strengths and weaknesses. It has given me the self-confidence I need in life. It has also helped me understand why others have chosen different options and tend to do different things. In short, this theory has made me a different person by: first, discovering my own meanings; and second, by discovering meanings of other people’s.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From my dad, I learned that a teacher needs to help students find meanings of their own learning. My dad always asked his students to find reasons for learning English. In fact, they were exploring their intrinsic motivation in learning. I believe that intrinsic motivation is very powerful; it produces miracles. That was the case with many of my father’s students. They were the students who were considered hopeless by other teachers. My father inspired them to be individuals with big hopes and dreams in life, and they turned into great students. Some even became English teachers. One of them was a medical student who decided to switch to English major after being in my father’s classroom. My dad was a great teacher with a great influence on his students. Once he told me one of his teaching philosophies, “Making a smart student smarter is a no-brainer; but making a struggling student successful, that is a real teaching.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The theory of multiple intelligences gave me a more powerful framework to help students find their own meanings, and make the most of it. It stimulates students’ intrinsic motivation. It believes that all students are smart; they are smart in their own unique ways. When teachers can tap into their interests and learning styles, they will be engaged and motivated in learning. I started to me able to look at my students in a different lens. I was aware that I had to provide multiple avenues of learning for students to help them become successful language learners. Besides the many pair work, group work and many other fun activities that I had previously done, I started to use reflections, journals, songs, movies, and portfolios in my classrooms. Moreover, I shared my understandings about the theory of multiple intelligences with my students, which I believed help them make meanings of their own learning and their own life. I hoped it would transform them as it had transformed me.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Furthermore, this theory has given me the framework to transform the education system in Indonesia. I believe the core ideas of the theory of multiple intelligences are similar to our national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity in diversity). Only by acknowledging the diversity that we can make sure that all learners can be successful. My graduate program in Indonesia inspired me to be involved in the education reform in my country. Thus, I made a huge decision in my life, which many of my family members saw quite controversial. I gave up my comfort box. I quit my high-salary and settled teaching job, and moved to an uncertain job in an educational foundation. I became an educational consultant and a program manager. My main responsibility was to set up a new elementary school utilizing the framework of the theory of multiple intelligences (MI).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I realized that this theory was considered to be a too progressive paradigm by many people in Indonesia. They were used to the system that was based on high-stakes testing to determine the quality of teaching and learning. Many of the interested parents were not convinced how the MI theory would help their children in being successful test-takers. Therefore, I thought that awareness-building was an important step to socialize how high-stakes testing had created low-skilled classroom instruction, what real quality teaching and learning looked like, and how MI framework would help provide such engaging, meaningful, and powerful learning experience. Instead of focusing on setting up a school, I developed many community programs; such as radio shows, community monthly discussions, and teacher training workshops. The main goal was to spread the awareness of the urgent need to provide a different kind of education for Indonesian students because we desperately need to produce quality human resources who can compete in the 21st century.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 2005 I was awarded scholarships to attend several teacher workshops in the USA. First, I went to Kagan Summer Academy in Orlando, Florida, where I learned how to develop classroom instruction using the framework of cooperative learning and multiple intelligences. Second, I attended the Summer Best Practices Institute, held by the East-West Center in Honolulu. Here I learned more about primary sources, authentic assessment, constructivism, and utilizing web blog as a tool for learning. My experience in this conference was even more rewarding because I built professional relationship with some of the US schoolteachers and university professors7.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After realizing that many parents in my community in Indonesia were not ready for a non-mainstream school, the plan to build the elementary school started to fade away. The poor business plan also made it even harder for us. Also, I felt that the main market for the business plan was for the more affluent families in Indonesia, while little by little I started to realize that my passion was more for Indonesian low and middle class people. I wanted to focus on the Indonesian public school system, which was slowly deteriorating. When I was awarded Fulbright scholarship to pursue a Master’s degree in Teachers College, Columbia University, I decided to resign my job in the educational foundation. I never finished my graduate program in Indonesia because I was carried away by my job in building the awareness for education reform in my community. Instead, I have a bigger dream now; it is a dream for my country. I want to be more actively and directly involved in the education reform effort in Indonesia, particularly in helping quality teaching and learning in public schools.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I believe that any education reform effort should be able to consider how reform ideas materialize in the day-to-day classroom situations. Furthermore, different contexts require different needs and demand different approaches at different time. Although I am also a supporter of standards in teaching and learning, I know that teaching is full of uncertainties. McDonald (1992) argues that we should never promote the sanitized images of teaching. I strongly agree. Teaching is never the same. Thus, we need to allow some flexibility in how the standards are implemented so that teachers can address their students needs and adjust the standards with what relevant to their own contexts. To have the skills to “maneuver” in the right way, teachers need to keep learning. They need to be lifelong learners. In any reform effort, in my opinion, the failure to address quality teacher learning will result in the failure of the reform. Quality teacher learning is a decisive element in producing powerful student learning (Feimen-Nemser, 2001)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many people feel that teaching is easy because they base it on their past experience as a student. Lortie (1975) calls this the apprenticeship of observation. In their mind, teaching does not require much effort to master the skills. Well, they are wrong. Teaching is indeed complex, dynamic, and full of uncertainties. Ayers (2001) reminds us, “good teaching is forever pursuing better teaching” (p. 141). Therefore, teachers need to be passionate about keep learning to become better teachers. More importantly, teachers need to be provided sustained engagement in quality learning. Only by understanding this nature can we create high quality and powerful learning for our students, the future generation of our society. Teaching never arrives. It should live in the spirit of the famous quote from Maxine Greene, “I am who I am not yet.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have to say that I now confidently disagree with my father in the way he discouraged me in becoming a teacher. If he was still alive, I wanted to say to him, “Papa, becoming a teacher has helped me find the reasons for me to live my life passionately. It has helped me find the ultimate meanings of my existence. It has transformed me, and it has given me the motivation and inspiration to transform our country, our nation, Indonesia. And as much as you have always been proud of me, I will make you even more proud. More importantly, I will make you even more proud of being a teacher and feel more confident to encourage others to be teachers.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;References&lt;br /&gt;Ayers, W. (2001). To teach: The journey of a teacher. New York: Teachers College Press.&lt;br /&gt;Feimen-Nemser, S. (2001). From preparation to practice: Designing a continuum to strengthen  and sustain teaching. Teachers College Record, 103(6), 1013-1055. &lt;br /&gt;Lortie, D. C. (1975). School teacher: A Sociological study. Chicago: The University of Chicago  Press. &lt;br /&gt;McDonald, J. P. (1992). Teaching: Making sense of an uncertain craft. New York: Teachers  College Press.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-1516452882782955450?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/1516452882782955450/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=1516452882782955450' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1516452882782955450'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1516452882782955450'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/06/becoming-teacher-i-am-what-i-am-not-yet_2934.html' title='Becoming a Teacher: &quot;I am who I am not yet.&quot; (Part 3 of 3)'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERyIOLGVxI/AAAAAAAAAo4/hZEWeGzpois/s72-c/IMG_2084.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4547532768732944214</id><published>2008-06-02T15:10:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:03.350-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Pendidikan dan Kebangkitan Bangsa: Refleksi 100 Tahun Kebangkitan Nasional Indonesia</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERJG-LGVuI/AAAAAAAAAog/iH1mHrOAWJ0/s1600-h/IMG_1862.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERJG-LGVuI/AAAAAAAAAog/iH1mHrOAWJ0/s200/IMG_1862.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5207367453264729826" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Oleh: Iwan Syahril &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Tulisan ini dipresentasikan pada peringatan Kebangkitan Nasional di Konsulat Jenderal Republik Indonesia, New York, 24 Mei 2008)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jika 17 Agustus 1945 merupakan proklamasi berdirinya Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, maka 20 Mei 1908 dapat dikatakan sebagai “proklamasi” kesadaran untuk berke-Indonesiaan. Para pemuda pelajar di STOVIA dibawah pimpinan Dr. Sutomo dan Dr. Gunawan Mangunkusomo secara tegas mengatakan bahwa maksud organisasi adalah untuk memulai gerakan nasional umum, meninggalkan jaman kolonial menuju pada jaman nasional. Hubungan batin yang dirintis pada jaman kebesaran Sriwijaya dan Majapahit dan perasaan senasib sependeritaan oleh penjajahan bangsa asing selama ratusan tahun menimbulkan perasaan kesatuan bagi para pendiri Budi Utomo. Secara antusias golongan tua dibawah pimpinan Dr.Wahidin Sudirohusodo pun menyambut dengan antuasisme yang tinggi atas proklamasi kesadaran pentingnya rasa persatuan sebangsa dan setanah air untuk melepaskan diri dari belenggu penjajahan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Singkatnya Budi Utomo membangunkan bangsa Indonesia. Setelah Budi Utomo secara beruntun lahirlah organisasi-organisasi pergerakan kemerdekaan nasional seperti Sarekat Islam, Indische Partij, dan Partai Nasional Indonesia. Secara umum identitas para aktifis pergerakan nasional adalah golongan pelajar dan pemuda. Merekalah yang menjadi tonggak dan roh dari pergerakan kemerdekaan bangsa kita. Dengan visi yang modern dan semangat yang menyala-nyala, para pemuda kita bangun dalam alam kesadaran yang berbeda dari corak yang ada sebelum berdirinya Budi Utomo. Warna pergerakan lama yang lebih bersifat kedaerahan ditinggalkan dan digantikan dengan warna nasionalistis dan revolusioner. Dengan mepergunakan kesempatan mengecap pendidikan tinggi, para pendiri Budi Utomo dan organisasi-organisasi setelahnya mampu melihat gambaran besar dari keberadaaan Belanda di Indonesia, hubungan antara Belanda dan negeri-negeri lainnya di Eropa yang menjajah benua Asia. Hal inilah yang membedakannya dengan perjuangan Pangeran Diponegoro, Tuanku Imam Bonjol, dan Sultan Hasanuddin; yang luput memahami eksistensi Belanda dalam pergaulan internasional, sehingga perjuangan mereka hanya bersifat parochial dan pada akhirnya dapat dipadamkan. Bangsa kita pun sering diadudomba dengan mudahnya dalam setiap perjuangan para pahlawan sebelum abad ke-20.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pendidikan yang dikecap, baik oleh para pemuda pelajar STOVIA, maupun pemuda-pemuda Indonesia di negeri Belanda, telah membukakan mata, telinga, dan hati para pemuda Indonesia. Pendidikan tinggi tersebut telah memberi alat untuk memproses data-data yang ada menjadi sebuah gerakan perjuangan yang lebih terorganisir, dan memiliki visi yang lebih luas, sebuah visi kebangsaan. Pendidikan inilah yang membukakan kesempatan bagi para pemuda Indonesia untuk dapat mempelajari berbagai ilmu pengetahuan modern yang nantinya dipergunakan sebagai modal perjuangan untuk merebut kemerdakaan yang telah terampas selama ratusan tahun. Pada akhirnya gerakan nasional yang disertai dengan kualitas intelektualitas yang mumpuni dari para pemuda Indonesia mengantarkan bangsa kita kepada pintu gerbang kemerdekaan Negara Republik Indonesia 17 Agustus 1945.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karena itu dapat kita simpulkan bahwa karena pendidikanlah bangsa Indonesia bangun, bangkit dari keterkukungan visi dunia yang sempit. Pendidikanlah yang menjadi kunci dari terciptanya kesadaran perlunya persatuan dalam mencapai cita-cita bersama sebagai sebuah bangsa. Tanpa kesempatan berpendidikan tinggi, tokoh-tokoh perjuangan nasional sebelum abad ke-19 telah menemui kegagalan untuk melepaskan belenggu penjajahan. Sukarno, Hatta, Syahrir, dan banyak tokoh pergerakan nasional lainnya merupakan sebagian kecil dari bangsa Indonesia yang merasakan pendidikan tinggi. Inilah yang menjadikan mereka tangguh, cerdas dan tangkas dalam memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Indonesia, dan mereka berhasil!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada hakekatnya pendidikan merupakan kunci dari kemajuan suatu bangsa. Tanpa pendidikan yang berkualitas, mustahil sumber daya manusia suatu bangsa mampu menjawab tantangan jaman. Selama penjajahan Belanda sangat sedikit sekali bangsa kita yang dapat bersekolah, itupun baru dimulai diakhir abad ke-19. Walaupun demikian, mereka yang sedikit itu mampu menggerakkan seluruh rakyat Indonesia untuk bangkit dan berjuang untuk mengusir Belanda dan mendirikan Republik yang kita cintai ini. Mereka mampu mengatasi berbagai rintangan yang ada, menjawab tantangan jamannya dan berhasil memerdekakan bangsa Indonesia. Pertanyaan besar yang ingin saya ajukan adalah, lalu bagaimana kondisi dan peran pendidikan setelah Indonesia merdeka?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah kita merdeka maka pemerintah mengupayakan terwujudnya wajib belajar selama 6 tahun dan diselenggrakan secara gratis. Masalah besar kita ada pada minimnya sarana dan prasarana pengajaran serta tenaga pengajar yang ada dikarenakan sedikitnya jumlah putra putri Indonesia yang mengecap pendidikan selama penjajahan Belanda. Belum lagi terbatasnya buku pelajaran, karena dilarangnya penggunaan dan dimusnahkannya buku-buku pelajaran berbahasa Belanda sejak jaman penjajahan Jepang. Singkat kata, pembangunan pendidikan Indonesia mulai dari kondisi yang sangat minim. Dengan jumlah penduduk yang sangat besar yang tersebar di ribuan pulau, hal ini merupakan tantangan yang hingga kini masih belum terjawab dengan sempurna, terlebih lagi dengan keterbatasan kondisi awal kemerdekaan Republik. Sungguh sebuah tantangan besar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada awal berdirinya Republik, rekrutmen guru diadakan secara dadakan. Lalu pusat pelatihan guru secara kilat diselenggarakan. Semua yang pernah bersekolah dapat menjadi guru. Kemudian, dengan jumlah siswa Indonesia yang sangat besar diperlukan jumlah guru yang besar pula. Maka didirikanlah sekolah kejuruan tingkat menengah khusus untuk mencetak guru, SPG (Sekolah Pendidikan Guru). Dari sinilah kita sedikit demi sedikit dapat memenuhi tuntutan jumlah guru. Secara kuantitas jumlah guru kita sudah cukup besar, namun masalah pada saat ini ada pada penyebaran dan kualitas pengajaran para guru tersebut. Banyak guru yang ada pada saat ini tidak memiliki kualifikasi yang bagus. Sebagai contoh, data tahun 2004 menunjukkan bahwa sekitar 47% para guru SMA tidak memiliki tingkat pendidikan S1. Tentunya untuk jenjang dibawahnya, situasi akan lebih memprihatinkan lagi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Limpahan rejeki lonjakan harga BBM pada tahun 1970an membahwa berkah pada dunia pendidikan dengan berdirinya sekolah-sekolah inpres di seluruh pelosok penjuru negeri. Sekolah-sekolah inilah yang menjadi tulang punggung keberhasilan kita dalam suksesnya wajib belajar yang mendapat pujian dari berbagai lembaga internasional dan menjadi contoh bagi banyak negara berkembang lainnya. Sayangnya, pada saat ini gedung-gedung ini banyak yang sudah tidak layak pakai. Kombinasi hantaman ekonomi dan mentalitas korupsi yang sudah menjadi-jadi, persoalan pemenuhan sarana dan prasarana pendidikan yang berkualitas sepertinya belum tercapai dengan baik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sistem pendidikan Indonesia telah terbiasa dengan kurikulum yang tersentralisasi. Sebelum adanya desentralisasi pendidikan nasional pada tahun 1999, pemerintah pusat memiliki kewenangan penuh dalam menentukan muatan kurikulum. Ciri yang sangat kental adalah bentuk kurikulum yang preskriptif, yang mewajibkan guru untuk mengikuti petunjuk yang sudah ditentukan. Biasanya pergantian menteri pendidikan membawa dampak pada terciptanya kurikulum baru. Banyak pengamat pendidikan menilai bahwa pergantian kurikulum merupakan cara termudah dan termurah dalam mereformasi pendidikan nasional. Reformasi 1998 mendatangkan hawa perubahan pada arah kebijakan pendidikan nasional. Kebijakan otonomi daerah telah menghasilkan kebijakan desentralisasi pendidikan dan manajemen berbasis sekolah dimana masing-masing sekolah diberikan kewenangan yang sangat besar dalam menentukan arah pengajaran sesuai dengan kondisi dan tuntutan masing-masing. Sayangnya, kebijakan Ujian Nasional (UN) menyebabkan terjadinya resentralisasi pendidikan nasional. UN telah mengebiri kreatifitas guru-guru dan murid dalam mengeksplorasi pendidikan yang bermakna demi terpenuhinya angka-angka statistik yang ditentukan. Pendidikan pun tereduksi untuk pencapaian nilai-nilai ujian. Pengajaran yang berorientasi pada pencapaian nilai ujian cenderung memasung kemampuan berpikir kritis, analitis dan kreatif, serta menjauhkan siswa dari kemampuan melihat permasalahan yang nyata-nyata ada dalam lingkungannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pendidikan dengan kualitas proses yang rendah, dengan sarana dan prasarana yang seadanya, dan kualitas pengajar yang kurang memadai tidak akan sanggup menjawab tantangan jaman abad ke-21, dimana kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi terjadi dalam kecepatan yang luar biasa. Ketertinggalan kita semakin jauh lagi karena bangsa-bangsa lainnya dengan sistem yang sudah lebih bagus terus menerus memajukan dunia pendidikannya dengan determinasi yang luar biasa. Negara-negara seperti Singapura, Korea, Jepang tanpa bosan-bosannya secara berkelanjutan meningkatkan mutu sistem pendidikan mereka. Mereka pun secara terus menerus mengirimkan siswa mereka ke pelbagai universitas-universitas terbaik di dunia. Tak lama lagi Cina dan India pun akan segera menyusul, terutama dengan kemajuan ekonomi mereka. Lalu bagaimana dengan Indonesia? Apa yang bisa kita lakukan?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tanpa komitmen penuh di bidang pendidikan mustahil negara kita mampu bangkit, bukan saja mengejar ketertinggalan, namun menyamakan derap langkah maju ke depan, dan kalau bisa memimpin rombongan negara-negara maju. Sanggupkan kita melepaskan keterkukungan kita terhadap mentalitas inferior sebagai sebuah bangsa terhadap bangsa maju? Bersediakah kita melihat sebuah kemungkinan bahwa Indonesia akan memiliki ekonomi yang lebih bagus daripada Korea atau Singapura? Maukah kita memimpikan negara-negara lain berbondong-bondong datang ke Indonesia untuk bersekolah? Apa yang kita perlukan untuk mencapai semua itu. Dua kunci penting menurut hemat saya adalah kerja keras dan kerja cerdas. Dua hal ini dapat terlaksana jikalau kita memiliki sumber daya manusia yang bagus dan memiliki komitmen yang tinggi untuk kemajuan bangsa. Sumber daya yang bagus hanya dapat dihasilkan dari sistem pendidikan yang berkualitas. Artinya seberat apapun tantangan yang kita punya, dengan insan-insan ibu pertiwi yang unggul yang dapat bekerja keras dan cerdas, maka kita akan mampu menangani semua dengan baik. Sekali lagi, intinya adalah kita mau tidak mau, suka tidak suka harus melakukan investasi yang serius di sektor pendidikan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut hemat saya ada tiga tujuan utama sektor pendidikan. Pertama, membuat siswa mengerti akan potensi diri sendiri. Kedua, membuat siswa mengerti akan potensi lingkungan sekitarnya. Dan ketiga, mampu mensinergikan pemahaman akan potensi diri dan potensi lingkuangannya dalam upaya memecahkan masalah-masalah yang riil dalam kehidupan yang nyata. Pembelajaran didalam kelas haruslah sedapat mungkin didekatkan dengan realitas yang ada di sekitar lingkungan tempat siswa berada. Sebagai contoh, mahasiswa biologi ITB atau IPB seharusnya paham akan keanekaragaman hayati di daerah sekitar Jawa Barat. Jangan biarkan para ahli asing sibuk melakukan riset tentang tanaman yang tumbuh subur di bumi kita, lalu membuat kita membeli paten produk yang nyata-nyata dihasilkan di Indonesia. Juga ironis rasanya untuk jurusan Hubungan Internasional (HI) kita kurang tertarik untuk mengenal lingkungan sendiri. Terbukti dengan minimnya studi tentang Asia Tenggara di pelbagai jurusan HI yang ada di Indonesia. Dan saya yakin contoh yang ada masih sangat banyak lagi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Solusi utama yang ingin saya ajukan adalah mewujudkan budaya belajar bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia, menjadi &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;a learning country, a learning society&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Walau titik berat tetap diberikan kepada sektor pendidikan, semangat untuk gandrung untuk belajar dan menghargai pendidikan hendaknya ada pada diri setiap insan Indonesia jika kita sebagai sebuah bangsa ingin maju. Dalam sektor pendidikan, budaya belajar hendaklah diteladani oleh para guru (Ing ngarsa sung tulada). Dengan tuntutan laju perubahan zaman yang sangat cepat dengan derasnya arus informasi, maka suatu hal yang mutlak untuk para guru untuk belajar secara berkelanjutan. Penyesuaian hendaknya dilakukan oleh pihak sekolah agar dapat memberikan kesempatan bagi para guru untuk dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan, kemampuan, dan pemahaman akan bidang studi yang ia ajarkan. Dengan demikian kita akan mendapatkan kualitas guru yang semakin hari semakin bagus. Guru yang berkualitas akan menghasilkan pengajaran yang berkualitas. Tanpa guru yang berkualitas, sehebat apapun kurikulum yang dipergunakan, secanggih apapun teknologi yang disediakan, hasil pembelajaran tidak akan bagus. Karena itu, prioritas hendaklah diberikan kepada terciptanya antusiasme untuk belajar di kalangan sekolah, utamanya para guru. Guru yang berkualitas akan selalu melakukan yang terbaik untuk mencari tahu ketertarikan para siswa, gaya belajar, serta motivasi para siswanya dalam merancang pelajaran yang bermakna bagi semua siswa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reformasi haruslah mengacu pada terciptanya budaya baru, dalam hal ini budaya belajar. Perubahan budaya merupakan sebuah proses yang berlangsung tidak sebentar, karena itu para pengambil kebijakan senantiasa tidak boleh gegebah dalam melakukan evaluasi keberhasilan atau kegagalan. Seperti manusia pada umumnya, proses belajar pada kalangan guru merupakan sebuah proses yang tidak linear. Butuh waktu cukup lama untuk menginternalisasi budaya baru. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebagai penutup akan saya bacakan sebuah penggalan dari surat Kartini kepada Nyonya R. M. Abendanon-Mandri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Saya sayang kepada perempuan, saya menaruh perhatian besar kepada nasibnya, karena  dia tidak dihargai dan ditindas seperti yang masih terdapat dalam banyak negeri dalam  abad terang ini. Saya bela dia dengan senang dan setia. Terima kasih, Nyonya yang  mulia, atas kata-kata yang menarik hati dan menyenangkan ini yang secara terbuka  menyatakan belas kasihan Nyonya yang dalam. Perasaan Nyonya yang sungguh-sungguh  turut menanggung derita sesama manusia. Turut menanggung derita umat Allah yang  berabad-abad lamanya dan sampai sekarang masih juga dianiaya oleh manusia  sesamanya: orang laki-laki. Syukur Tuhan, syukurlah! Ada juga kiranya hati dan pikiran  yang mulia yang mengindahkan nasib dan kesengsaraan perempuan Bumiputra yang  hendak menyalakan pelita dunia permepuan yang gelap sengsara itu. Hati perempuan  Bumiputra telah cukup hancur, jiwa anak yang bersalah telah cukup menderita.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saudara yang berkulit putih dengan hatimu yang penyayang dan penuh rasa kasih  pandangmu yang luas, dengan pikiranmu yang kaya, ulurkan tanganmu! Angkatlah kami  dari kubangan derita dan sengsara, tepat dimana kami didorong dan dicelupkan untuk  selamanya oleh kepentingan diri orang laki-laki. Tolonglah kami memberantas sifat  mementingkan diri kaum laki-laki yang tak mengenal rasa segan itu; iblis, yang ratusan  tahun mendera, menginjak-nginjak perempuan sedemikian rupa sehingga karena biasa  akan aniaya itu, perempuan tidak memandagya lagi sebagai ketidakadilan, melainkan  dengan rasa menyerah dan tawakal menerimanya sebagai hak yang wajar (!) laki-laki,  sebagai pusaka penderitaan perempuan. Saya masih muda, tetapi saya tidak pernah tuli  dan tidak pernah buta dan saya telah banyak mendengar dan melihat. Bahkan terlalu  banyak barangkali, sehingga hal tersebut menjadikan hati saya menyusut kecil kesakitan;  mencambuk saya dengan garang untuk tegak berdiri melawan adat kebiasaan jahat yang  telah tertanam dalam-dalam dan merupakan kutuk bagi perempuan dan anak-anak!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saya lemparkan kepada hadirin sekalian, apa reaksi yang ada di hati masing-masing. Tentunya membaca dan mendiskusikan langsung apa yang dirasakan Kartini akan lebih mendalam dari sekedar mengingat tanggal lahir Kartini, judul kumpulan tulisan suratnya, dan kisah singkat hidupnya, sebagaimana yang sering kita jumpai di pelbagai buku cetak sejarah tentang Kartini.  Kira-kira inilah yang hilang dari kebanyakan kelas di Indonesia, karena kita terlalu terfokus kepada kemampuan menjawab soal-soal tes semata dengan mengandalkan hafalan. Sebuah proses pendidikan yang reduksioner dan superfisial tidak akan pernah menghasilkan kualitas yang bagus, walaupun nilai tes selalu cemerlang dan meningkat. Proses seperti ini tidak sesuai dengan roh kebangkitan nasional satu abad yang lalu, dan tidak akan mampu menjawab tantangan abad ke-21. Maka reformasi pendidikan secara fundamental dan sungguh-sungguh adalah mutlak untuk membangkitkan bangsa Indonesia pada masa kini sebagaimana yang telah diperjuangkan oleh generasi Budi Utomo dan pejuang pergerakan kemerdekaan nasional lainnya. Bangkitlah kembali Ibu Pertiwi! Hanya kita yang dapat mengubah nasib bangsa kita sendiri. If not now, when? If not us, then who? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Daftar Pustaka&lt;br /&gt;Sutrisno, S. (1987). Kartini: Surat-surat kepada Ny. R. M. AdendanoMandri dan suaminya.  Jakarta, Indonesia: Penerbit Djambatan.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4547532768732944214?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4547532768732944214/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4547532768732944214' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4547532768732944214'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4547532768732944214'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/06/pendidikan-dan-kebangkitan-bangsa.html' title='Pendidikan dan Kebangkitan Bangsa: Refleksi 100 Tahun Kebangkitan Nasional Indonesia'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SERJG-LGVuI/AAAAAAAAAog/iH1mHrOAWJ0/s72-c/IMG_1862.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-2146962459228740346</id><published>2008-04-28T18:01:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:03.505-05:00</updated><title type='text'>A song: The teacher</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZK5k7ImEI/AAAAAAAAAoA/q6wafUidVm8/s1600-h/IMG_7448.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZK5k7ImEI/AAAAAAAAAoA/q6wafUidVm8/s200/IMG_7448.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5194421573243148354" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An original song composition. The lyrics are based on the ideas in Ayers' book: &lt;br /&gt;Ayers, W. (2001). To teach: &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;The journey of a teacher&lt;/span&gt;. New York: Teachers College Press.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;The teacher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Becoming a teacher&lt;br /&gt;Becoming an awesome teacher&lt;br /&gt;It is a lifetime affair&lt;br /&gt;It takes forever&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A teacher needs to keep growing&lt;br /&gt;Learning, searching for better ways&lt;br /&gt;‘cause teaching is never finished&lt;br /&gt;Never still, never summed up&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reff:&lt;br /&gt;Whoever you are, wherever you have been&lt;br /&gt;Whatever you have done&lt;br /&gt;A teacher invites you to a second chance&lt;br /&gt;Another round, a different conclusion&lt;br /&gt;Possibility and openness&lt;br /&gt;A teacher points to what could be&lt;br /&gt;But is not yet&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As long as I live&lt;br /&gt;I am under construction&lt;br /&gt;Learning how to teach&lt;br /&gt;Practicing the art and craft of teaching&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reff:&lt;br /&gt;Whoever you are, wherever you have been&lt;br /&gt;Whatever you have done&lt;br /&gt;A teacher invites you to a second chance&lt;br /&gt;Another round, a different conclusion&lt;br /&gt;Possibility and openness&lt;br /&gt;A teacher points to what could be&lt;br /&gt;But is not yet&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;A teacher beckons you to change your path&lt;br /&gt;A teacher beckons you to change the world&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Song by Iwan Syahril)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-2146962459228740346?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/2146962459228740346/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=2146962459228740346' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/2146962459228740346'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/2146962459228740346'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/04/song-teacher.html' title='A song: The teacher'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZK5k7ImEI/AAAAAAAAAoA/q6wafUidVm8/s72-c/IMG_7448.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4954973995627750320</id><published>2008-04-28T17:56:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:03.671-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Teaching never arrives!</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZLVk7ImFI/AAAAAAAAAoI/PyAFLDMApyI/s1600-h/IMG_7434.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZLVk7ImFI/AAAAAAAAAoI/PyAFLDMApyI/s200/IMG_7434.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5194422054279485522" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teacher professional learning and change is a complex and non-linear process. Different teachers learn differently, just like all learners. In addition, different teachers also have different professional needs. This calls for a teacher learning model that provides multiple avenues for teachers to learn. Teachers should be given a number of opportunities to revisit and critically reflect on their practices and learning experience. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We need to make teacher professional learning valued by all elements in education. It should be a norm, a culture, not just a program to build skills and expertise. Education policymakers need to take teacher learning seriously in every decision they make. In fact, teacher learning is an inseparable part in any education reform initiative. Without teacher capacity building, any new innovation in teaching and learning will fall short in its classroom implementation. In other words, to produce powerful learning in the classroom, teachers need to learn and keep learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many people feel that teaching is easy because they base it on their past experience as a student. In their mind, teaching does not require much effort to master the skills. Well, they are wrong. Teaching is indeed complex, dynamic, and full of uncertainties. Ayers (2001) reminds us, “good teaching is forever pursuing better teaching” (p. 141). Teaching never arrives. Therefore, teachers need to keep learning and to be passionate about learning to be great teachers. Teachers need to be provided sustained engagement in quality learning. Only by understanding this nature can we create high quality and powerful learning for our students, the future generation of our society.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4954973995627750320?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4954973995627750320/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4954973995627750320' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4954973995627750320'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4954973995627750320'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/04/teaching-never-arrives.html' title='Teaching never arrives!'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZLVk7ImFI/AAAAAAAAAoI/PyAFLDMApyI/s72-c/IMG_7434.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-1862924168956188764</id><published>2008-04-28T17:49:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:03.820-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Apprenticeship of observation</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZGlk7ImBI/AAAAAAAAAno/4PFr4Z4FzcY/s1600-h/IMG_7450.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZGlk7ImBI/AAAAAAAAAno/4PFr4Z4FzcY/s200/IMG_7450.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5194416831599253522" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Most people feel that they know what should happen in the classroom because they were once students themselves. Many teachers also share the same attitude. When they first teach, they usually emulate the teachers who inspired them in the past, and this usually gives the idea of what a good teacher looks like and what good teaching should be. Lortie (1975) articulates one of her findings in her famous sociological study about teacher; most teachers utilize their experience as a student as the major influence in their teaching. She calls it “apprenticeship of observation” (pp. 61-65). The ideal images of a teacher seem to be based on the influential teachers they had in the past (Calderhead, 1988). Darling-Hammond and Wise (1981) echo this view as well, and suggest that socializing forces - such as childhood experiences, peer influence, influence of evaluators, and student response - shape how teachers adopt their teaching behaviors.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-1862924168956188764?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/1862924168956188764/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=1862924168956188764' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1862924168956188764'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1862924168956188764'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/04/apprenticeship-of-observation.html' title='Apprenticeship of observation'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZGlk7ImBI/AAAAAAAAAno/4PFr4Z4FzcY/s72-c/IMG_7450.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-4016237891208649875</id><published>2008-04-28T17:46:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:03.932-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Teachers as adaptive experts</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZGLU7ImAI/AAAAAAAAAng/vQmix-Wb6DA/s1600-h/IMG_7432.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZGLU7ImAI/AAAAAAAAAng/vQmix-Wb6DA/s200/IMG_7432.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5194416380627687426" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Darling-Hammond (2006) states the need for teachers to become “adaptive experts”, which include their ability to continuously learning the recent innovations in teaching and learning. The focus should not be about the efficiency, rather it should emphasize on the ways to maximize students’ learning, by figuring out students’ difficulties, adapting to new materials, and teaching strategies. Professional development programs should empower teachers to become adaptive experts. Creating this kind of professional development program is in line with what is expected in the professional accountability (Darling-Hammond, 1997), which emphasize on the need for all teachers to keep building their professional capacity to better serve what matters most, the students in the classroom.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-4016237891208649875?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/4016237891208649875/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=4016237891208649875' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4016237891208649875'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/4016237891208649875'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/04/teachers-as-adaptive-experts.html' title='Teachers as adaptive experts'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZGLU7ImAI/AAAAAAAAAng/vQmix-Wb6DA/s72-c/IMG_7432.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-1131547372554224849</id><published>2008-04-28T17:42:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:04.129-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Are teachers really resistant to change?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZFfk7Il_I/AAAAAAAAAnY/q1rfW8rxrjQ/s1600-h/IMG_7442.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZFfk7Il_I/AAAAAAAAAnY/q1rfW8rxrjQ/s200/IMG_7442.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5194415629008410610" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Richardson and Anders (1994) question the validity of the assumption that teachers are resistant to change. They point out that teachers are usually recalcitrant to the mandated change. Furthermore, Richardson (1998) argues that teachers experience voluntary change all the time. Reflecting on her work, she says that teachers make minor changes over time to find out what works based on their students’ needs, which may not lead to exemplary teaching. She suggests that teacher learning should utilize the nature of teacher change as a voluntary process. Teacher learning should have the purpose of creating “an ecology of thinking, deliberation, and experimentation” in a collaborative and reflective model, where beliefs, goals, and results are assessed continuously. Change does not have to take place during the professional development program, but instead it takes place over time. In addition, despite taking the same course, different teachers should be expected to change differently and at different time. The emphasis should be placed on teacher responsibility for their professional practices, and their ability to articulate and justify their actions.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-1131547372554224849?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/1131547372554224849/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=1131547372554224849' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1131547372554224849'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/1131547372554224849'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/04/are-teachers-really-resistant-to-change.html' title='Are teachers really resistant to change?'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZFfk7Il_I/AAAAAAAAAnY/q1rfW8rxrjQ/s72-c/IMG_7442.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-7698886383168873282</id><published>2008-04-28T17:26:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:04.412-05:00</updated><title type='text'>On Teacher Learning and Teacher Change</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZEg07Il-I/AAAAAAAAAnQ/9nfQs_3ob9s/s1600-h/IMG_7415.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZEg07Il-I/AAAAAAAAAnQ/9nfQs_3ob9s/s200/IMG_7415.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5194414550971619298" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What is generally assumed is that teacher learning will automatically result in change in instructional practices. However, some of the first studies that explore the link between teacher professional learning and instructional change indicate teachers’ resistance to efforts to change their classroom instruction. For instance, Darling-Hammond and Wise (1981) report how research conducted before 1970 reveals teachers’ active resistance to externally imposed changes. In addition, research done by Cuban (1984) reports “the stubborn continuity in the character of instruction” (p. 2) describing decades of intense efforts promoting student-centered instruction did not seem to transform many classrooms in the US. Most teachers seem to be bounded by their own classroom, minimizing external intervention and maximizing their control over student involvement.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My own teaching experience in Indonesia also indicated to me how teachers are resistant to change. Very few teachers and administrators are aware of the need for ongoing professional development for teachers. What concerns them more is the students’ ability to answer test questions. Many of them are obsessed with how to better prepare students for exams. Their pride of professional accomplishment comes when students are able to achieve high scores in standardized testing. This seems to be one of the main sources of the resistance towards any effort to create more meaningful, engaging, student-centered activities in the classroom, which have been the themes of many education efforts. Teachers do not see how programs in teacher professional learning are relevant to what they believe they should do to help students to be successful.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teacher learning that results in teacher change requires an adventurous lifelong effort. As Day (1999) suggests that “teacher change, a necessary outcome of effective professional development, is complex, unpredictable and dependant upon past experience (life and career history), willingness, abilities, social conditions and institutional support” (p.15). What is relevant in the ever-changing world is shifting from time to time. Even within the same time frame, different contexts have different challenges, which lead to different sets of priorities. Learning to teach takes a lifetime. Just like what Ayers (2001) emphasizes that to be a good teacher is “forever pursuing,” it is “never finished, never still, never easily summed up” (p. 141). It is imperative that teachers to keep learning, and to be provided opportunities for teacher learning on a long-term basis. More importantly, teacher learning should be part of the school reculturing process in any reform effort.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-7698886383168873282?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/7698886383168873282/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=7698886383168873282' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7698886383168873282'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/7698886383168873282'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/04/on-teacher-learning-and-teacher-change.html' title='On Teacher Learning and Teacher Change'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZEg07Il-I/AAAAAAAAAnQ/9nfQs_3ob9s/s72-c/IMG_7415.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-8780794382328540678</id><published>2008-04-28T17:09:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:04.510-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Thinking skills and standards in education</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZAuk7Il9I/AAAAAAAAAnI/vDTDBL9uR0I/s1600-h/IMG_0610.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZAuk7Il9I/AAAAAAAAAnI/vDTDBL9uR0I/s200/IMG_0610.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5194410389148309458" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Article: Noddings, N. (2008). All our students thinking. &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Educational Leadership&lt;/span&gt;, 65(5), 8-13.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Throughout this article, Noddings emphasizes the importance of thinking skills for anyone to function well in the twenty-first century world. Noddings rejects the notion that some subjects are more “intellectual” than others. Rather, she points out that the “intellectual” status can be applied to any subject as long it is taught in a challenging way that is relevant to real-world application. Students who study math, for instance, should be encouraged to think like a mathematician or think about and use math to solve real-world problems that relevant to their context. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Feimen-Nemser (2001) reminds us “…if we want schools to produce more powerful learning on the part of students, we have to offer more powerful learning opportunities to teachers (p.1013). The same principle applies in Nel Noddings’ article. Teachers need to be encouraged to think to enable them to utilize critical thinking in their lessons. Noddings also argues that teachers have to be the co-constructors of teaching knowledge by challenging the education theory and agenda set by other parties. The standards-based movement have led teachers to just give correct responses in the multiple choice tests, rather than to think critically about their field, their subject and their instruction. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I find this article fascinating. Thinking skills are very important to master for everyone from any field. In the environment where complying to standards is the norm, and the high-stakes standardized testing is the most reliable tool to hold students, teachers, and schools accountable for their performance, thinking skills are not the most important agenda. In addition, the definition of what thinking means may shift to how to best answer test questions in a fast and accurate way, instead of the ability to seek meanings, give reasons, reflect on practices, creates products, and solve problems in a relevant real-life context. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Darling-Hammond (2006, p.10) suggests that teachers need to be “adaptive experts.” This means that they need to adapt to the changing nature of their work, keep innovating, and expanding their expertise. They should not be the “conspirators of certainties” (McDonald, 1992); they cannot afford to settle into the routines. They need to keep thinking of how to help all learners meet and exceed the given standards through powerful lessons. Again, this means that teachers should be the lifelong learners themselves. That should be, in my opinion, the norm for teachers in the twenty-first century.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Many teachers are stressed out with the standards-based movement, because it has led into standardized practices, teaching to the test. I believe that by using the progressive educational innovations, such as differentiated instruction and understanding by design, we can create an experiential learning training model, where teachers make meanings of these ideas and reflect on their practice and experience. Throughout the process, teachers will be engaged in a lot of critical thinking activities, challenging them to think about their thinking; to feel unsettled when stepping out of their comfort zone; and to deconstruct and reconstruct their beliefs in teaching and learning. Only by experiencing the ideas first hand and reflecting on it in a critical way can teachers be empowered to change their practice, and adopt new ideas such as critical thinking, differentiated instruction, and understanding by design.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-8780794382328540678?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/8780794382328540678/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=8780794382328540678' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8780794382328540678'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/8780794382328540678'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/04/thinking-skills-and-standards-in.html' title='Thinking skills and standards in education'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZAuk7Il9I/AAAAAAAAAnI/vDTDBL9uR0I/s72-c/IMG_0610.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-6209651388543747348</id><published>2008-04-28T16:45:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:04.762-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Differentiated Instruction in the era of Standardization</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBY76k7Il7I/AAAAAAAAAm4/WBr9ad8muMs/s1600-h/IMG_6145.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBY76k7Il7I/AAAAAAAAAm4/WBr9ad8muMs/s200/IMG_6145.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5194405097748600754" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The article: McTighe, J., &amp; Brown, J. L. (2005). Differentiated instruction and educational standards: Is détente possible? &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Theory Into Practice&lt;/span&gt;, 44(3), 234-244.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The article argues that differentiated instruction and educational standards can work together using the framework of understanding by design (Wiggins &amp; McTighe, 1998). Through the three main questions, this article discusses how teachers can remain responsive to students’ needs while addressing required standards without being trapped into standardization, and the coexistence of differentiating instruction and standards. Emphasizing the principle that each student should be able to experience rigorous education aligned with content and performance standards that promote understanding, the authors strongly suggest that the understanding by design framework can be a powerful tool to realize that principle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This framework consists of three main stages. The first stage, desired results, is mainly about setting up the main goals, big ideas and the essential questions, which should align with the standards. Throughout the lesson planning, teachers will utilize the big ideas and essential questions as the “conceptual pillars” (McTighe &amp; Brown, 2005: p. 238) to plan every piece of instruction and assessment. The second stage, assessment evidence, requires teachers to decide multiple forms of assessment that function as evidence of students’ mastery of the skills, knowledge, and understanding stated in the stage 1 section. The last part, the learning plan, is the section where teachers design the instructional strategies to prepare students in producing the desired forms of evidence in order to acquire the overall goals of stage one. Differentiated instruction is the suggested approach that fits the third part of understanding by design framework; it addresses the unique needs of diverse class participants.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teachers will create multimodal instruction for students based on their level of readiness, interests and learning styles. The lessons should be relevant, meaningful and engaging to the students, while at the same time the students are working to equip themselves with the skills, knowledge and understanding to produce the desired evidence that is aligned with the standards. In other words, when we use differentiated instruction within the framework of understanding by design, the demands of the standards can be easily met. This is the main message of this article.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I find this article very interesting and very helpful to understand further how differentiation can work well to meet the standards. The understanding by design framework makes a lot of sense to me. It seems to be able to address standards, while at the same time students are invited to own their learning. Students’ voices and choices are valued, which usually stimulates intrinsic motivation, which is a powerful drive in learning. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nevertheless, I have heard from some teachers that they were not interested in implementing understanding by design framework. When they were asked further, they said that their school district required them to attend a series of professional development programs that promoted understanding by design in classroom teaching. These teachers felt that their district decided to send teachers to these workshops because they heard that the framework had been successful in other districts. The school administrators made the decision in isolation. The teachers whom I talked to felt neither inspired nor empowered to incorporate this idea into their classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From this case I can relate to the argument that the way teachers learn sometimes does not fit into the framework of learning we want to happen with our students. Shulman (1997) describes “…teachers are just older members of the same species as our students. We do not suddenly change the necessary conditions for learning when we pass our 21st birthday and earn teaching credentials.” (p. 505). In valuing the diverse contexts of teaching and learning, it would be wise to also provide multiple windows for teachers to learn, reflect, and revisit their learning. Teacher change is a complex and non-linear process (Hoban, 2002). Any framework, such as understanding by design, should be treated as one of the many possibilities that will help teachers to address students’ needs. When it becomes a mandatory, an top-down effort, teachers would be resistant to the their learning experience. They should feel that they own their learning, by allowing their voices and choices in the process, just like what we would do to our students.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Differentiated instruction does not offer one single solution to how to solve classroom problems. Some contexts may fit with the understanding by design approach, and some other may not. Differentiated instruction is organic, flexible, and proactive, which believe in multiple approaches to deal with different context (Tomlinson, 2001). Each context requires a different approach that may change from time to time. Differentiated instruction requires teachers to keep learning and growing. This is what Ayers (2001) mainly argues that as long as a teacher lives, he or she is always under construction. Teachers should always be lifelong learners, forever searching for better ways to teach. I believe that as a teacher, I should always aim at what could be, but is not yet.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-6209651388543747348?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/6209651388543747348/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=6209651388543747348' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6209651388543747348'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/6209651388543747348'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/04/differentiated-instruction-in-era-of.html' title='Differentiated Instruction in the era of Standardization'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBY76k7Il7I/AAAAAAAAAm4/WBr9ad8muMs/s72-c/IMG_6145.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-3267746534184756515</id><published>2008-04-28T16:40:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:04.885-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Reflections on Disability studies (8): A human being is a human being</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBY3Gk7Il6I/AAAAAAAAAmw/ji5dfmNGPYQ/s1600-h/IMG_0199.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBY3Gk7Il6I/AAAAAAAAAmw/ji5dfmNGPYQ/s200/IMG_0199.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5194399806348892066" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Following the Spitzer’s resignation, David Paterson was elected as the 55th Governor of New York on March 17, 2008. I followed this news for some time, and suddenly I realized that all that I repeatedly heard was David Paterson is an African American and legally blind. I think in every reporting this description came up, and little that I knew about his skills and abilities as one of the famous politicians in New York. I then capture the media bias on how the news was reported and how this kind of bias has shaped public perceptions on individuals with disabilities. In short, I can see that the reports implied that Governor’s Paterson’s strongest identities are being an African-American and an individual with disability, before we can talk about his other identities and accomplishments. I don’t think that being a white and non-disabled were not the identities stamped on former Governor’s Spitzer, when he won the election for the office of Governor. What was reported, I believe, was his accomplishment as a lawyer and New York Attorney General. I wonder how this discussion on media bias can generate powerful learning on disability issues in the classroom, as suggested by Shapiro (1999).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The inclusion and integration of disability issues in many settings, including in the classroom, still need a major push. Jaeger and Bowman (2005) point out that while in less developed countries the “battle of inclusion has not even truly begun,” in the developed countries, disability issues are not regarded the most central one to talk about. As a person who grew up and spent considerable amount of educational experience in Indonesia, disability was hardly discussed in my classrooms, from my kindergarten years until the time I went to a graduate school. When we talked about it, it was more on the issue of social sympathy, and we never included any individuals with disabilities in our discussions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I believe that education plays a major role in shaping the paradigm shift in our society. I am impressed by the classroom ideas presented in chapter six of Shapiro’s book. Not only it presents a range of big ideas, but also the activities and sample of practical lessons. I would love to incorporate these ideas in my future teaching. As a teacher, I find this chapter very informative for my classroom practices. I believe that incorporating disability into the classroom will be able to challenge the misguided pre-conceived beliefs, fear, confusion, and discomfort people might feel about disability. What even more powerful is the inclusion of individuals with disabilities with the temporarily-abled bodies into the same classroom. I believe this will make the learning experience even more powerful.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I believe in the experiential learning. We should create as many authentic experiences as possible for learners. I believe that having a real miniature of diversity of our communities in the classroom will develop the understanding, trust, and confidence for all children, the future leaders of our societies. My main expectation is that these children will be the agents of change in our effort to deal with future issues of disability. Educational system should fight for inclusive education, not special education. Only by having inclusive education can we create many involvements among temporarily-abled and disabled students. As suggested by Shapiro (1999), these shared experiences should be collaborative, cooperative, intimate, frequent, and on equal basis. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To conclude I would like to emphasize that social change always starts by creating awareness. Having better awareness will lead to better understanding. When this happens, I believe the burning issues in disability such as social acceptance, inclusion, integration, enforcement of civil rights, and many others, will be resolved. This will include the right-to-die issue. At the end of the day, we should realize that a human being is a human being. That should be the heart of the awareness we would like to spread. All deserve to live at whatever cost. We need to protect lives at whatever cost, and we need to fight for the right to live, and not the other way around.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-3267746534184756515?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/3267746534184756515/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=3267746534184756515' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3267746534184756515'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/3267746534184756515'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/04/reflections-on-disability-studies-7.html' title='Reflections on Disability studies (8): A human being is a human being'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBY3Gk7Il6I/AAAAAAAAAmw/ji5dfmNGPYQ/s72-c/IMG_0199.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-2838450185523394463</id><published>2008-04-28T16:30:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:05.013-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Reflections on Disability studies (7): Troubled or troubling learners?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBY1NE7Il5I/AAAAAAAAAmo/zTeW1OLc-ig/s1600-h/IMG_1011.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBY1NE7Il5I/AAAAAAAAAmo/zTeW1OLc-ig/s200/IMG_1011.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5194397718994786194" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This week’s readings and today’s class discussion have made me realize that there is a great number of stigmatization put on students that do not seem to be fair. The labels, such as learning disabled (LD), emotionally disturbed (ED), or emotionally handicapped (EH), in my opinion, are used mainly as the manifestation of hidden stereotypical assumptions targeted towards people who are different, whose cultures are not the “norm” of the society. I do not think that it is fair to the students. I strongly believe that the use of these misleading labels should be thoroughly reviewed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Students should be assessed on the basis of the premise that everybody is capable of achieving great things when he or she is given the opportunity to do so. It is imperative that schools provide such opportunity for all students regardless their race, gender, social class or status, or any other identity. Thus, I find it troubling that race has been used for assessment of students whose behaviors do not conform with the values of the mainstream group. This assessment usually leads to negative labels to students. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some students may have different learning styles, which require different kinds of instruction. I believe the theory of multiple intelligences, as mentioned in our class discussion today, serves as a powerful framework to analyze different preferences in the way we express ourselves. Perhaps, it is the teachers who need to improve their teaching repertoire to be able to address the different learning styles, instead of blaming students who do not fit into their teaching style as troubling or troubled.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some students come to schools with the baggage from their socio-economic background. When they come from a poor family or a broken home, regardless of their race, they will most likely have more limited quality pre-school and out-of-school learning opportunities than their peers who have harmonious families that are supportive to their learning. This may lead to the fact that when some kids start schooling, they are already more ahead than the others. However, this does not mean that the kids who are behind are not smart. Labeling them, or tracking them in a “special” class, will not help to improve the situation. What is strongly needed is adequate support for them and teachers who have high expectations on them, as high as the kids who are already ahead. There should be no room for low expectations for any student. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From my small group discussion, I learned from my classmate’s story. Her brother reacted differently to different teachers who had different expectations on him. Her brother reacted positively, when the teacher showed great trust in what he was capable of doing, and he showed how a great student he could be. He reacted the opposite when his teacher viewed him as a troublemaker. Thus, the way we perceive students determines the process and the outcomes of their learning. Only by given them trust coupled with adequate support can they show their true potentials and produce authentic work of great quality. Negative labels do not help at all.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The main lesson I learned today is that I need to keep asking myself through sustained critical reflection (and I believe this applies to all teachers), what hidden assumptions are imposed on students who are perceived as troublemakers. Different countries/cultures seem to have different assumptions about the troublemakers. Unlike in the US, race is not an issue when defining troublemakers in Indonesia. It is more about gender and test scores that determine what expectations or labels teachers have on students. Males are usually seen as more troubling, and females are more diligent and obedient. However, being in a feudalistic culture, many teachers, as society in general, seem to believe that females do not have to go to the highest level of education, because they can be good housewives. Ferguson (2000) says that “troublemakers are not born, they are made” (p.215). I believe that these labels have misled us in many ways, especially in our effort to provide quality-learning opportunities for all students.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition, I would like to keep improving myself as a learning teacher, building my teaching repertoire, in order to better address diverse learners in diverse contexts. I believe there are no troubling or troubled learners. It is the matter of how we better connect with them, and then engage them in authentic and meaningful learning. All students, just like teachers and all humans, are smart in their own unique ways. Like Howard Gardner says, “It is not about how smart you are, but how you are smart.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-2838450185523394463?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/2838450185523394463/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=29633230&amp;postID=2838450185523394463' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/2838450185523394463'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29633230/posts/default/2838450185523394463'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/2008/04/troubled-or-troubling-learners.html' title='Reflections on Disability studies (7): Troubled or troubling learners?'/><author><name>Iwan Syahril</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16821636664947453786</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/R1NlAnVjzRI/AAAAAAAAAcI/a-ngG9zeG2U/S220/IMG_0282.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBY1NE7Il5I/AAAAAAAAAmo/zTeW1OLc-ig/s72-c/IMG_1011.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29633230.post-3870439735804236115</id><published>2008-04-28T16:27:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T01:03:05.235-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Reflections on Disability studies (6)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZ-8U7ImGI/AAAAAAAAAoQ/Z-iOeidwBNo/s1600-h/IMG_5433.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VmrOCHAorAg/SBZ-8U7ImGI/AAAAAAAAAoQ/Z-iOeidwBNo/s200/IMG_5433.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5194478795092432994" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “We know how to handle people like you,” snapped the owner of a restaurant to O’Brien, the main character in Chapter 16 (O’Brien, 2004). The tone sounds very negative, full of hostility and hatred to me. It seems to carry the ideology rooted in the cultural representation as mentioned by Jaeger and Bowman (2005). The common representations rooted in many cultures towards the individuals with disabilities such as pitiful and pathetic, sinister, evil, better off dead, etc. seem to influence the assumptions of the temporarily-abled bodies in their daily interactions with persons with disabilities. Media through pictures, stories, reports, songs, or movies has reinforced these misrepresentations, to quite a large extent. In the information-age technology media plays a major role in people’s daily life. In fact media never stops operating, 24/7, 365 ¼ days in a year, media keep running. Thus, it is important to analyze how media represents disabilities in their products.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In my opinion media can play both positive and negative roles in representing disabilities. Perhaps, considering the awareness towards disability rights is relatively new, many cultures still have the high portion of negative attitudes residue rooted in the cultural representations. Media has reinforced these false images and often gives the impression of individuals with disabilities as “self-pitying individuals who would overcome their difficulties if they would stop feeling sorry for themselves, think positively, and rise to the challenge” (Jaeger &amp; Bowman, 2005). In retrospect, while I was watching the movie “My Country” in the last class (Feb 27, 2008), I wrote down some reflective notes that I liked the character of the visually-impaired woman who looked very positive about herself, similar to what is described by Jaeger and Bowman. I admired her optimism in life, which she spreads to people around her. Perhaps, my preference has been shaped by my cultural representations reinforced by the media I have consumed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From my religious influence, I have been told to feel sorry for the unlucky people including the disabled ones, which become the objects of charity. Movies that I have watched seemed to reinforce the message that disability is a condition that can paralyze your life, and it feels like the end of the world to be a disabled. The lack of quality interaction with persons with disabilities in my social life in Indonesia also worsens the representations. They seem to disappear in the social life. If they are around, they will become the objects of sympathy. I had never experienced the more positive and equal interaction with the disabled until I arrived in the US, especially by being a student at Teachers College, where I have witnessed how they can function well in daily interactions by some adjustments. I now believe that both the temporarily-abled bodies and the disabled can do great things when given the opportunity to do so.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In fact, prior coming to Teachers College, my traditional cultural representation about disabilities was shaken by watching The West Wing TV series.  The character of a hearing-impaired beautiful, smart, and highly educated woman who works as a campaign manager for a senator, and later she becomes the political advisor to the President of the US surprised me. I simply thought that those were impossible tasks for a person with hearing-impaired. The TV series deconstructed my previous cultural representation. Thus, I believe that media can play a positive role in debunking the misconceptions about disabilities, as what happened to me.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To conclude, media can give both negative and positive influence in representing persons with disabilities. The question is who has the authority of creating the messages in the media. As advocated by Jaeger and Bowman, I believe it is important that the persons with disabilities need to play greater role in creating cultural products, including in the media, about the realities about disabilities, which have been misrepresented for such along time. In fact it is imperative for everybody who has the awareness about this misrepresentation to advocate and create cultural products that can change the conceptions and the attitudes of general public towards disabilities.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29633230-3870439735804236115?l=iwansyahril.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://iwansyahril.blogspot.com/feeds/3870439735804236115/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' h
